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Cited by 480Thyroid Disorders and TreatmentsSystemic Lupus Erythematosus ResearchCeliac Disease Research and Management

Prevalence and Relative Risk of Other Autoimmune Diseases in Subjects with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

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Boelaert, Kristien, Newby, Paul R., Simmonds, Matthew J., Holder, Roger L., Carr-Smith, Jacqueline D., Heward, Joanne M., Manji, Nilusha, Allahabadia, Amit +7 more·2010·The American Journal of Medicine
DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.06.030
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Abstract

Background Common autoimmune disorders tend to coexist in the same subjects and to cluster in families.Methods We performed a cross-sectional multicenter study of 3286 Caucasian subjects (2791 with Graves' disease; 495 with Hashimoto's thyroiditis) attending UK hospital thyroid clinics to quantify the prevalence of coexisting autoimmune disorders. All subjects completed a structured questionnaire seeking a personal and parental history of common autoimmune disorders, as well as a history of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism among parents.Results The frequency of another autoimmune disorder was 9.67% in Graves' disease and 14.3% in Hashimoto's thyroiditis index cases (P=.005). Rheumatoid arthritis was the most common coexisting autoimmune disorder (found in 3.15% of Graves' disease and 4.24% of Hashimoto's thyroiditis cases). Relative risks of almost all other autoimmune diseases in Graves' disease or Hashimoto's thyroiditis were significantly increased (>10 for pernicious anemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, Addison's disease, celiac disease, and vitiligo). There was relative "clustering" of Graves' disease in the index case with parental hyperthyroidism and of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in the index case with parental hypothyroidism. Relative risks for most other coexisting autoimmune disorders were markedly increased among parents of index cases.Conclusion This is one of the largest studies to date to quantify the risk of diagnosis of coexisting autoimmune diseases in more than 3000 index cases with well-characterized Graves' disease or Hashimoto's thyroiditis. These risks highlight the importance of screening for other autoimmune diagnoses if subjects with autoimmune thyroid disease present with new or nonspecific symptoms.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.06.030

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  • Associated autoimmune diseases occur in 14% of patients with Hashimoto's disease and in 10% of patients with Graves' disease.

    “Associated autoimmune diseases occur in 14% of patients with Hashimoto’s disease and in 10% of patients with Graves’ disease [57].”

    From T4+T3 Combination Therapy: An Unsolved Problem of Increasing Magnitude and Complexity (2021) · cites this paper as [57]

  • Persistent symptoms are sometimes caused by associated autoimmune diseases.

    “Persistent symptoms are sometimes caused by associated autoimmune diseases, which in view of their high prevalence in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (13.7%) should be given more attention [57].”

    From T4+T3 Combination Therapy: An Unsolved Problem of Increasing Magnitude and Complexity (2021) · cites this paper as [57]

  • The prevalence of associated autoimmune diseases in Hashimoto's thyroiditis is 13.7%.

    “Persistent symptoms are sometimes caused by associated autoimmune diseases, which in view of their high prevalence in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (13.7%) should be given more attention [57].”

    From T4+T3 Combination Therapy: An Unsolved Problem of Increasing Magnitude and Complexity (2021) · cites this paper as [57]

  • In a large UK study, the frequency of other autoimmune disorders was 9.67% in 2,791 patients with Graves' disease and 14.3% in 495 patients with Hashimoto's disease.

    “In a large UK study the frequency of other autoimmune disorders was 9.67% in 2,791 patients with Graves' disease, and 14.3% in 495 patients with Hashimoto's disease [22] .”

    From 2012 ETA Guidelines: The Use of L-T4 + L-T3 in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism (2012) · cites this paper as [22]

  • In that UK study, rheumatoid arthritis was the most common coexisting autoimmune disorder (3.15% in Graves' disease and 4.24% in Hashimoto's disease), and relative risks of almost all other autoimmune diseases were significantly increased (RR >10 for pernicious anaemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, Addison's disease, celiac disease, and vitiligo).

    “Rheumatoid arthritis was the most common coexisting autoimmune disorder (found in 3.15% of Graves' disease and 4.24% of Hashimoto's disease).Relative risks of almost all other autoimmune diseases were significantly increased (RR 1 10 for pernicious anaemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, Addison's disease, celiac disease, and vitiligo).”

    From 2012 ETA Guidelines: The Use of L-T4 + L-T3 in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism (2012) · cites this paper as [22]

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Authors
Boelaert, K., Newby, P. R., Simmonds, M. J., Holder, R. L., Carr-Smith, J. D., Heward, J. M., Manji, N., Allahabadia, A., Armitage, M., Chatterjee, K. V., Lazarus, J. H., Pearce, S. H., Vaidya, B., Gough, S. C., & Franklyn, J. A.
Affiliations
  • University of Birmingham (GB)
  • Northern General Hospital (GB)
  • Royal Bournemouth Hospital (GB)
  • University of Cambridge (GB)
  • Cardiff University (GB)
  • Newcastle University (GB)
  • Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital (GB)
Corresponding author
Boelaert, Kristien
ORCID
Venue
The American Journal of Medicine
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2010-02
Volume
123
Issue
2
Pages
183.e1-183.e9
ISSN
0002-9343 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.06.030
OpenAlex
W2069605085
Cited by
480
References
36
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 32
FWCI
23.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • The American Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln) (acceptedVersion)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
  • University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
  • Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
Funders
Wellcome Trust
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Celiac Disease Research and Management
Keywords
autoimmune thyroid disease, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, coexisting autoimmune disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, pernicious anemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, Addison's disease, celiac disease, vitiligo, familial aggregation, autoimmune screening
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Graves Disease, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk, Cohort Studies, Prevalence, Cluster Analysis, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Hashimoto Disease

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