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Good mood food. Positive emotion as a neglected trigger for food intake
Abstract
Unlabelled Research on emotions as a trigger for food intake has mainly been focused on the role of negative emotions. In the present studies the role of positive emotions as a trigger for food intake is investigated in a sample of healthy participants with a normal weight. Two laboratory studies were conducted in which positive emotions or no emotions were induced (Study 1) or in addition negative emotions were induced (Study 2) after which unhealthy food intake was assessed by bogus taste tests. In Study 3, food intake was assessed by registering snack intake in a 7-day diary study together with the emotions accompanying each snacking episode to provide a more ecologically valid test of our hypothesis. Studies 1 and 2 showed that positive emotions, compared to the control conditions, evoked more caloric intake. Dietary restraint did not moderate this effect. Study 2 additionally showed that positive emotions evoked caloric intake to the same extent as negative emotions. Study 3 showed that snack intake in daily life was reported to result from positive emotions more frequently than from negative emotions.Conclusions Positive emotions serve as an important but under-investigated trigger for unhealthy food intake that deserves further scrutiny. Future research should further investigate whether food intake results from emotional arousal in general, or from emotional valence in particular.
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“positive emotional eating is a common trigger for eating [38]”
From Mindfulness facets differentially relate to self-reported negative and positive emotional eating types in treatment-seeking adults with overweight/obesity (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
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“…evidence showing that positive emotions are considered to be an underestimated risk factor for food intake and overeating (Bongers et al., 2013a,b, 2016; Evers et al., 2013), but little is known about their effects on eating behaviors compared to those documented for negative emotions (Macht, 2008).”
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“This is in line with the study by Evers et al. (2013) which reported higher unhealthy food intake during positive emotions compared to negative emotions.”
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Brückner, K., Emberger‐Klein, A., & Menrad, K. (2023) · Journal of Food Products Marketing · doi:10.1080/10454446.2023.2227575 · Cited by 16
“As a result, one factor that has been found to be strongly linked to food intake and healthy food decision-making is emotions (e.g. Evers et al., 2013; Hepworth et al., 2010; Meule et al., 2021; Nicholls et al., 2016).”
BackgroundThe role of emotions in food consumption choice: Systematic review and directions for future studies
Khoshghadam, L., & Rajabi, R. (2024) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.13006 · Cited by 20
Use of Preference Analysis to Identify Early Adopter Mind-Sets of Insect-Based Food Products
Ho, I., Gere, A., Chy, C., & Lammert, A. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14031435 · Cited by 16
“Positive emotions are an under-investigated factor regarding food-eating behavior [48].”
BackgroundThe reciprocal longitudinal relationship between body mass index and subjective well-being in China
Fang, J., Wen, Z., Ouyang, J., Huang, G., & Liu, X. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114829 · Cited by 16
Is food desirability affected by social interaction?
Rizzato, M., Dio, C. D., Fasano, F., Gilli, G., Marchetti, A., & Sensidoni, A. (2016) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.02.005 · Cited by 18
Cuevas, C., Herrera, P., Morales, G. I., Aguayo, L., & Gálvez, P. (2020) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2020.104852 · Cited by 15
The effects of happiness and sadness on Children's snack consumption
Tan, C. C., & Holub, S. C. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.12.021 · Cited by 15
“In another experimental study, both positive emotions and negative emotions induced the same amount of calorie consumption compared to control conditions (Evers et al., 2013).”
More than an apple: better lunch enhances bus drivers’ work performance and well-being
Zhong, B., Xiao-hua, W., & Yang, F. (2019) · International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/10803548.2019.1662980 · Cited by 14
“Research demonstrates that food consumption has an effect on human emotions [25], cognition [23], school learning [26,27] and bus drivers’ work performance [2].”
BackgroundAlkahtani, S. A., Eisa, A., Kannas, J., & Shamlan, G. H. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition Experimental · doi:10.1016/j.yclnex.2019.10.003 · Cited by 15
Dolgopolova, I., Toscano, A., & Roosen, J. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132313347 · Cited by 13
“In another study, positive emotions were related to higher calorie consumption and snack intake [28].”
BackgroundEmotional Determinants of Sweets Consumption
Pilska, M., & Nesterowicz, J. (2016) · Journal of Nutrition and Health Sciences · doi:10.15744/2393-9060.3.405 · Cited by 9
Carrillo, A., Feig, E. H., Harnedy, L. E., Huffman, J. C., Park, E. R., Thorndike, A. N., Kim, S., & Millstein, R. A. (2022) · Health Psychology Open · doi:10.1177/20551029211055264 · Cited by 12
“Given the differences in findings between PP constructs and diet (Evers et al., 2013), qualitative approaches are needed to help elucidate these different associations in greater depth.”
BackgroundBarnhart, W. R., Kalantzis, M. A., & Braden, A. L. (2023) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-023-01578-9 · Cited by 11
“Furthermore, no research to date has directly examined relationships between positive emotional eating and mindfulness facets, a concerning gap in the literature considering that negative and positive emotional eating types may occur at similar rates [37], that positive emotional eating is a common trigger for eating…”
BackgroundBrückner, K., Emberger‐Klein, A., & Menrad, K. (2024) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-01-2024-0105 · Cited by 13
Wang, C.-H. A., Sher, S. T.-H., & Chung, C.-F. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3686928 · Cited by 15
“Many researchers have examined the opportunities and challenges of addressing issues like eating disorders, bullying, stigma, and sexual health on social media [32, 81], highlighting the potential of social media campaigns to engage youth in promoting health knowledge, awareness, and attitudes [75].”
Aulbach, M. B., Bamberg, C., Reichenberger, J., Arend, A., & Blechert, J. (2025) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2025.107936 · Cited by 14
“…affect-craving relationships (RQ1), we found that craving co-occurs with higher levels of some positive emotions (enthusiasm and cheerfulness), resonating with the ‘happy eating ’ concept (Evers et al., 2013) but also some negative ones (boredom, irritation, and reduced relaxation) and stress.”
Bucea-Manea-Țoniş, R., Martins, O., Urdeş, L., Coelho, A. S., & Simion, V. E. (2023) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects14060547 · Cited by 10
“Thus, these foods are rather consumed in social contexts (cafes, bars, pubs, food festivals), both alone and with social partners (friend, family, acquaintance, lover) [25,26].”
BackgroundInteractive influences of food, contexts and neurocognitive systems on addictive eating
Ho, D., & Verdejo‐García, A. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110295 · Cited by 11
Binge eating disorder and eating self‐efficacy in adults seeking bariatric surgery
Chao, A. M., Abene, J., Allison, K. C., Pearl, R. L., Wadden, T. A., Williams, N. N., & Tronieri, J. S. (2022) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12531 · Cited by 12
“In our study, patients with BED also reported more challenges when engaging in positive activities such as watching television or feeling happy, which has been related to increased food consumption in some studies.(37,38) Counselling patients about more adaptive ways to regulate and respond to negative and positive af…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Evers, C., Adriaanse, M., de Ridder, D. T. D., & de Witt Huberts, J. C.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Evers, Catharine
- Venue
- Appetite
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 68
- Pages
- 1-7
- ISSN
- 0195-6663 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2056724053
- Cited by
- 210
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 13.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Appetite (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- positive emotions, dietary intake, emotional eating, unhealthy food consumption, energy intake, negative emotions, dietary restraint, snacking, emotional arousal, emotional valence, mood
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Energy Intake, Eating, Emotions, Feeding Behavior, Female, Happiness, Humans, Male, Reference Values, Students, Young Adult
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