A new time- and space-dependent model for predicting frost formation
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Cui et al. [22,24] proposed a frost mass transfer model based on nucleation theory to model the frosting process on flat plates and fin-and-tube heat exchangers.
“Cui et al. [22,24] proposed a frost mass transfer model based on nucleation theory to model the frosting process on flat plates and fin-and-tube heat exchangers.”
From Numerical Simulation of Frosting on Fin-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Surfaces (2017) · cites this paper as [22]
Some frosting models have been coupled with multiphase flow models in CFD simulations [5,22,23].
“Some frosting models have been coupled with multiphase flow models in CFD simulations [5,22,23].”
From Numerical Simulation of Frosting on Fin-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Surfaces (2017) · cites this paper as [22]
The maximum frost thickness appears at the leading edge of the flat plate during the early stage of frosting, but it may move along the air flow direction as frosting progresses.
“although the maximum frost thickness appeared at the leading edge of the flat plate during the early stage of frosting period, it may move along the air flow direction as frosting progressed.”
From Frosting mechanism and behaviors on surfaces with simple geometries: A state-of-the-art literature review (2022) · cites this paper as [83]
Both frost thickness and density decrease consistently with an increase in the distance from the leading edge of a flat plate with a fixed surface temperature.
“both frost thickness and density were decreased consistently with an increase in the distance from the leading edge of the flat plate.”
From Frosting mechanism and behaviors on surfaces with simple geometries: A state-of-the-art literature review (2022) · cites this paper as [83]
Cui et al. [83] found that when air velocity is higher than 1.5 m/s, the average frost thickness on flat plates with a fixed surface temperature decreases with an increase in air velocity.
“However, Cui et al. [83] indicated that the average thickness was increased with an increase in air velocity when the air velocity was lower than 1.5 m/s, but decreased with an increase in air velocity when the air velocity was higher than 1.5 m/s.”
From Frosting mechanism and behaviors on surfaces with simple geometries: A state-of-the-art literature review (2022) · cites this paper as [83]
Cui et al. [83] found that when air velocity is lower than 1.5 m/s, the average frost thickness on flat plates with a fixed surface temperature increases with an increase in air velocity.
“However, Cui et al. [83] indicated that the average thickness was increased with an increase in air velocity when the air velocity was lower than 1.5 m/s, but decreased with an increase in air velocity when the air velocity was higher than 1.5 m/s.”
From Frosting mechanism and behaviors on surfaces with simple geometries: A state-of-the-art literature review (2022) · cites this paper as [83]
The maximum frost thickness moves along the air flow direction when the air velocity is increased.
“the maximum frost thickness also moved along the air flow direction when the air velocity was increased.”
From Frosting mechanism and behaviors on surfaces with simple geometries: A state-of-the-art literature review (2022) · cites this paper as [83]
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Generalized lattice Boltzmann model for frosting.
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An Eulerian multiphase frost model based on heat transfer measurements
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“[8, 9] proposed a frosting model based on the nucleation theory and multi-phase flow method and calculated frost growth on flat plates and fin surfaces.”
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“This prediction can be done by computing the measured factors that influence frost formation (such as surface temperature, and inlet air characteristics: relative humidity, temperature and velocity) (Cui et al., 2011), computing the measurable system changes caused by the frost accumulation on the evaporator (temperat…”
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Study of Frost Layer Growth Process on Horizontal Cold Surfaces in the Channels
Wang, Z., Han, Z.-M., Liang, Z., Hou, J., & Xu, Z. (2023) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4363862 · Cited by 9
Effects of crystal formation on the initial frost thickness and density on cold surfaces
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ANFIS model for prediction of the frost accumulation on surfaces of finned-tube heat exchanger
Zhu, R.-X., Liu, M., Wang, G., Wang, Q., Wu, W.-W., Li, G., & Wang, H.-H. (2025) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.128388 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Variation of Frost Roughness on a Flat Plate Under Forced Convection
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Medium materials for improving frost detection on a resistive sensor
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Prediction of heat and mass transfer inside 3D frost microstructure
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Numerical Simulation of Frost Formation on a Plate-Fin Evaporator
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“[8, 9] applied the nucleation theorem to model the mass transfer for frost formation process by using a two-fluid approach for both phases.”
MethodQuick estimation of frost growth on cold fins through thermal network analysis
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Numerical modelling of air-cooler using simplified methods
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Lattice Boltzmann model for predicting frosting process on surfaces considering wettability.
Zhang, S., Jiang, T.-L., Huang, H., Huang, L., & Zhang, L.-Z. (2023) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.107.065304 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Simulation of Forced Convection Frost Formation in Microtubule Bundles at Ultra-Low Temperature
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Numerical simulations of frost growth using mixture model on surfaces with different wettability
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“Implementation of Boundary Conditions The following conditions are imposed at various domain boundaries for the primary variables (u, v, p, T and Y ) [12, 16, 22]: • Inlet: u, v, T and Y prescribed; ∂(2)p/∂n̂(2) = 0 where, n̂ denotes the unit normal and ∂/∂n̂ stands for ∇ • n̂.”
BackgroundA modified CFD model for frosting on a horizontal plate
Cai, W.-H., Fang, X.-S., Li, S., & Qiu, G.-D. (2024) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2024.125726 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Qiu, G.-D., Xue, Y.-B., Li, S., Ren, R., & Cai, W. (2026) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.130065 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Li, S., Lin, B., Bai, X., Wei, P., Wang, L., & Zhang, R. (2025) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en18020302 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Cui [10,11] et al. proposed a frost growth model based on the Eulerian multiphase flow calculations, and simulated the growth of the frost layer on the surface of a horizontally cooled surface and a finned tube heat exchanger by calculating the rate of mass transfer from the water vapour to the ice…”
Visualization of cold surface frosting
Xia, P., Fan, L., Xu, C., Diao, Y., Lin, Y., & Lai, F.-Y. (2023) · Journal of Physics, Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2422/1/012013 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Another type of approach to modelling the frost layer is the macroscale computational fluid dynamics principle for simulation [22-26].”
BackgroundModeling of frost accretion on microchannel evaporators for household refrigerators
Boeng, J., de Araujo, T. E. H. R. P., Machado, M. W., & Stahelin, R. (2026) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.131390 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Self-citationA Numerical Investigation of Frost Growth on Cold Surfaces Based on the Lattice Boltzmann Method
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Fixed-grid Numerical Modeling of Frost Formation
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Frost Measuring and Prediction Systems for Demand Defrost Control
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Experimental study and machine learning prediction of frost characteristics on inclined cold plates
Guo, J., Gong, J., Jiang, Z., Wu, X., Huang, R., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s12206-025-0137-1
“Regarding the high cost and time-consuming nature of experimental studies, a variety of methods have been proposed for predicting frost layer characteristics, including analytical [9, 10] and CFD methods [11-18].”
Self-citationA Numerical Investigation into Frost Formation under Impinging Flow Conditions
Saygin, A., Oksuz, E., Başol, A., & Arik, M. (2021) · Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems · doi:10.1109/itherm51669.2021.9503172 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“[1] came up with a mathematical expression based on nucleation theory and modeled the frost formation over the horizontal flat plates.”
BackgroundStudy on the Liquid Refrigerant Defrosting System and the Defrosting Rule
Wang, M., Zang, R., Feng, H.-Q., Yu, C., Wang, H., & Zhang, C.-X. (2018) · Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Apllications · doi:10.1115/1.4040284 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Clumping of frozen par-fried foods: Lessons from frosting on structured surfaces
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Self-citationEffect of air velocity and fin spacing on the frosting pattern and heat transfer in fin channels
Demirhan, K., Abdusoglu, A., Yakut, E. M., Başol, A., & Arik, M. (2026) · International journal of refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2026.107115
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Yang, Z., Shi, F., Li, J., & Liu, S.-K. (2026) · Fluids · doi:10.3390/fluids11030074
Numerical investigation of Ne pellet formation for EAST shattered pellet injection system
Li, L., Zuo, G.-Z., Yuan, J., Zhao, S. B., Zhang, D.-H., Huang, M., & Hu, J.-S. (2024) · Fusion engineering and design · doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2024.114516
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Frost Measurement Sensors for Demand Defrost Control Systems: Purposed Applications in Evaporators
de Aguiar, M. L., Gaspar, P., & da Silva, P. D. (2019) · Transactions on Engineering Technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9531-5_12
- Authors
- Cui, J., Li, W. Z., Liu, Y., & Jiang, Z. Y.
- Affiliations
- Dalian University of Technology (CN)
- Rina Services (Italy) (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Li, W.Z.
- Venue
- Applied Thermal Engineering
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-03
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 447-457
- ISSN
- 1359-4311 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1983257470
- Cited by
- 101
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Thermal Engineering (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (50976017, 50736001)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Icing and De-icing Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Heat Transfer and Optimization
- Keywords
- frost formation, frost growth, nucleation theory, frost layer, mass transfer, water vapor, inlet air velocity, surface structure, frost density, frost thickness, computational fluid dynamics model
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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