Measurement and Correlation of Water Frost Thermal Conductivity and Density
Abstract
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMeasurement and Correlation of Water Frost Thermal Conductivity and DensityGabriel Biguria and L. A. WenzelCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundamen. 1970, 9, 1, 129–138Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i160033a021https://doi.org/10.1021/i160033a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views682Altmetric-Citations61LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The effect of eddy convection prevalent in the air pockets is satisfactorily represented by the stated condition.
“The effect of eddy convection [30] prevalent in the air pockets is shown to be satisfactorily represented by the condition [25]”
From Frost growth and densification in laminar flow over flat surfaces (2011) · cites this paper as [30]
The side-view single-point measurement method was first used and reported by Biguria and Wenzel in 1970 and then by Sengupta et al. in 1998.
“The sideview single-point measurement method was first used and reported by Biguria and Wenzel in 1970 [105], and then by Sengupta et al. in 1998 [83].”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [105]
The telescope could be moved vertically on a scale consisting of a main scale and a Vernier, which minimized the measuring error.
“The telescope could be moved vertically on a scale consisting of a main scale and a Vernier, which minimized the measuring error.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [105]
Copper markers were mounted on several locations on the test coil to help ensure that the thickness values were measured at the same point.
“Copper markers were mounted on several locations on the test coil to help ensure that the thickness values were measured at the same point.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [105]
Biguria and Wenzel gathered experimental data of cryogenic conditions and proposed a first-order, fully empirical correlation based on a 25 experimental cases factorial design considering plate conditions, surrounding-air conditions, and boundary layer characteristics.
“In a pioneering study, Biguria and Wenzel [105] gathered experimental data of cryogenic conditions, and proposed a first-order, fully empirical correlation based on a 25 experimental cases factorial design considering plate conditions, surrounding-air conditions, and the boundary layer characteristics.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [105]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics
Song, M., & Dang, C. (2018) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.03.094 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Equation of the growth rate of frost forming on cooled surfaces
Schneider, H. W. (1978) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/0017-9310(78)90098-4 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Frost growth and densification in laminar flow over flat surfaces
Kandula, M. (2011) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.02.056 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Dimensionless correlations of frost properties on a cold plate
Yang, D.-K., & Lee, K.-S. (2004) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/s0140-7007(03)00118-x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Shin, J., Tikhonov, A. V., & Kim, C. (2003) · Journal of Heat Transfer · doi:10.1115/1.1518496 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Modeling of frost growth and frost properties with airflow over a flat plate
Yun, R., Kim, Y., & Min, M.-K. (2002) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/s0140-7007(01)00026-3 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
A new time- and space-dependent model for predicting frost formation
Cui, J., Li, W. Z., Liu, Y., & Jiang, Z. Y. (2011) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.09.022 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Frost deposition on a horizontal cryogenic surface in free convection
Li, L., Liu, Z., Li, Y., & Dong, Y. (2017) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.05.058 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
A semi-empirical correlation for the frost density
Hermes, C. J. L., Loyola, F. R., & Nascimento, V. S. (2014) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2014.02.008 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The behavior of frost layer growth under conditions favorable for desublimation
Lee, J., & Lee, K.-S. (2018) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.12.039 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Frost formation from general-low to ultra-low temperatures: A review
Byun, S., Jeong, H., Son, H., Kim, D. R., & Lee, K.-S. (2022) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.123164 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Local variation of frost layer thickness and morphology
Qu, K., Komori, S., & Jiang, Y. (2006) · International Journal of Thermal Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2005.05.004 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE INITIATION AND GROWTH OF FROST FORMATION ON A HORIZONTAL PLATE
Şahin, A. Z. (1994) · Experimental Heat Transfer · doi:10.1080/08916159408946475 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Frost layer growth behavior under cryogenic conditions
Lee, J., Jeong, H., Kim, D. R., & Lee, K.-S. (2019) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114333 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Anderson, B. A., & Singh, R. P. (2005) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2005.05.016 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
A semi-empirical correlation for the thermal conductivity of frost
Negrelli, S., & Hermes, C. J. L. (2015) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.05.021 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Research on frost formation in air source heat pump at cold-moist conditions in central-south China
Gong, G., Tang, J., Lv, D., & Wang, H. (2013) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.08.001 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Dimensionless correlations of frost properties on a cold cylinder surface
Kim, J.-S., Yang, D.-K., & Lee, K.-S. (2008) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2008.01.007 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The effect of streamwise vortices on the frost growth rate in developing laminar channel flows
Storey, B. D., & Jacobi, A. M. (1999) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/s0017-9310(99)00045-9 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Effective thermal conductivity of frost during the crystal growth period
Şahin, A. Z. (2000) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/s0017-9310(99)00162-3 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Biguria and Wenzel [5] have compiled a list of several possible structural models for the frost (ice and air in series, ice and air in parallel, ice in continuous phase with air pores arranged in a simple cubic lattice, uniform spheres of ice dispersed in air, random mixture of ice and air, cubic lattice of uniform ic…”
BackgroundGeneralized correlation of the water frost thermal conductivity
Dietenberger, M. A. (1983) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/0017-9310(83)90011-x · Cited by 52 · see citing works
(2015) · doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2014.10.006 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Microchannel Heat Exchanger Design for Evaporator and Condenser Applications
Kim, M.-H., Lee, S.-Y., Mehendale, S., & Webb, R. (2003) · Advances in heat transfer · doi:10.1016/s0065-2717(03)37004-2 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
An analytical study of frost nucleation and growth during the crystal growth period
Şahin, A. Z. (1995) · Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1007/bf01463923 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Cinephotomicrographic studies made to help formulate a structural model for the growing deposit showed that the frost deposit grows according to a critical cluster mechanism [ 5 ].”
BackgroundWettability-defined frosting dynamics between plane fins in quiescent air
Rabbi, K. F., Boyina, K., Su, W., Sett, S., Thamban, A., Shahane, S., Wang, S., & Miljković, N. (2021) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.120563 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Moradkhani, M., Hosseini, S. H., Valizadeh, M., & Song, M. (2021) · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105667 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Moradkhani, M., Hosseini, S. H., Lei, S., & Song, M. (2022) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2022.119258 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A note on frosting of heat pump evaporator surfaces
Barrow, H. (1985) · Journal of Heat Recovery Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-7593(85)90077-3 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Choi, S.-G., & Kim, S. (2017) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.05.033 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Moallem, E., Cremaschi, L., Fisher, D. E., & Hong, T. (2017) · Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science · doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.06.010 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A model to compare freezing control strategies for residential air-to-air heat recovery ventilators
Phillips, E. G., Bradley, B., Chant, R., et al. (1989) · OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Benítez, T., & Sherif, S. A. (2017) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.01.026 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Hosseini, S. H., Moradkhani, M., Valizadeh, M., & Ahmadi, G. (2021) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.12.035 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Local frost behaviors of a scaled-up louvered fin heat exchanger
Park, J.-S., Kim, D. R., & Lee, K.-S. (2015) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.06.025 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Frost crystal growth behavior on a hydrophilic surface over a wide range of cold surface temperature
Li, Y.-X., Wang, Z.-Q., Liu, Z.-L., & Zhao, S. (2024) · International journal of refrigeration · doi:10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2024.09.014 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Liang, X.-Y., & Wu, L. (2022) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112366 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A frost formation model and its validation under various experimental conditions
Dietenberger, M. A. (n.d.) · NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Farzaneh, M., Zgheib, N., Sherif, S. A., & Balachandar, S. (2022) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.123233 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mathematical modelling of the thawing process
Lind, I. (1991) · Journal of Food Engineering · doi:10.1016/0260-8774(91)90051-s · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Analysis of Thermal Conductivity of Frost on Cryogenic Finned-tube Vaporizer Using Fractal Method
Chen, S.-P., Yao, S.-T., & Xie, F.-S. (2013) · Energy and Power Engineering · doi:10.4236/epe.2013.54b021 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Various empirical or semi-empirical correlations of the density and thermal conductivity were proposed [1-7].”
BackgroundMoradkhani, M., Gao, R.-M., Hosseini, S. H., & Song, M. (2023) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.122090 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Heat and mass transfer from a laminar humid air stream to a plate at subfreezing temperature
Abdel-Wahed, R. M., Hifni, M. A., & Sherif, S. A. (1984) · International Journal of Refrigeration · doi:10.1016/0140-7007(84)90053-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A predictive model of frost formation on leaf surface and estimation of frost amount
Song, H., & Hu, Y.-G. (2023) · Case Studies in Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.csite.2023.102789 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Frost layer thickness measurement and calculation: A short review
Song, M., Dang, C., Liu, S.-C., Sun, Z.-L., & Mao, N. (2017) · Energy Procedia · doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.281 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Effect of Moisture Transfer Through a Semipermeable Membrane on Condensation/Frosting Limit
Niroomand, S., Fauchoux, M. T., & Simonson, C. J. (2018) · Journal of Heat Transfer · doi:10.1115/1.4041185 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A Review of Methods and Techniques for Detecting Frost on Plant Surfaces
Song, H., Hu, Y., Lu, Y., Wang, J., Pan, Q., & Li, P. (2021) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture11111142 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Li, K., Luo, S., Yu, J., Tang, Q., Su, L., & Fang, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Energy Research · doi:10.1002/er.5519 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Literature Review of Frost Formation Phenomena on Domestic Refrigerators Evaporators
Krasota, D., Błasiak, P., & Kolasiński, P. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16072945 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Experimental study on behavior of initial frost crystal formation under lower water vapor pressures
Qu, K., Xu, X., & Duan, Z. (2006) · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2006.04.001 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Capacitive sensing of frost growth dynamics on aluminum surfaces with different wettabilities
Inanlu, M., Gurumukhi, Y., Kabirzadeh, P., Anand, R., Khodakarami, S., Viswanathan, V., Stillwell, A., & Miljković, N. (2024) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2024.125377 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Chen, D., Miao, T., Chang, C., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2024.125399 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER ON A FLAT PLATE UNDER FROSTING CONDITIONS
Sherif, S., Abdel-Wahed, R., & Hifni, M. (1990) · Chemical Engineering Communications · doi:10.1080/00986449008911422 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The characteristics of frost growth on parallel plates
Han, H. D., & Ro, S. T. (1999) · Lecture notes in physics · doi:10.1007/bfb0104171 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“a flat plate, Yonko [5] found that frost growth was increased with increasing air velocity, instead, data taken by Biguria [ 6 ] showed that frost growth decreased.”
BackgroundThe research of optical fiber frost sensor and intelligent refrigerator defrost system
Zhang, L.-H., Zhang, J., Li, H.-W., & Hu, Q. (2012) · 2012 IEEE 11th International Conference on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icosp.2012.6492017 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cryogenic automobile propulsion - Heat exchanger design and performance issues
Williams, J. D., & Williams, J. D. (1997) · AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit · doi:10.2514/6.1997-17 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Frost Formation under Different Gaseous Atmospheres
Fukada, S., Tsuru, H., & Nishikawa, M. (1995) · JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN · doi:10.1252/jcej.28.732 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Internal mass flux through frost
Fukada, S., & Inoue, K. (1999) · AIChE Journal · doi:10.1002/aic.690451221 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
An analytical study of frost nucleation and growth during the crystal growth period
Şahin, A. Z. (1995) · Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1007/s002310050028 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Modeling of frost accretion on microchannel evaporators for household refrigerators
Boeng, J., de Araujo, T. E. H. R. P., Machado, M. W., & Stahelin, R. (2026) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.131390 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Monaghan, P. F., Redfern, M., Oosthuizen, P. H., et al. (1991) · Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science · doi:10.1016/0894-1777(91)90003-a · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Frost Growth in Laminar Channel Flows with Streamwise Vortices
Storey, B. D., & Jacobi, A. M. (1997) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Unified Review of Physical Modeling of Heat and Mass Transfer Processes in Frosting and Icing
Balachandar, S., & Sherif, S. A. (2026) · ASME Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1115/1.4070930 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
HEAT TRANSFER UNDER FROSTING CONDITIONS TO PLAIN AND THICK-FINNED TUBES
Al-Sahaf, J. A., & Cornwell, K. (1991) · Experimental Heat Transfer · doi:10.1080/08916159108946402 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Study of frost growth on heat exchangers used as outdoor coils in air source heat pump systems
Sankaranarayanan, K. (2011) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Studies of an air cooler under frost condition
Cheng, Y. C. (2019) · doi:10.32657/10356/6557
“Brian et al. (1969) and Biguria and Wenzel (1970) observed that the frost density had no spatial variation in the direction of frost growth.”
BackgroundFrosting Performance Dynamic Simulation and Analysis of Freeze Dryer Vapor Captor
Li, X.-Y., & Zhu, J.-Y. (2010) · 2010 Third International Conference on Information and Computing · doi:10.1109/icic.2010.287
Heat transfer and cryodeposit properties in solid-state condensation
Lisovskii, V. (1986) · Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics · doi:10.1007/bf00870090
Effective Thermal Conductance of Frost
Cremers, C. J., & White, J. (1983) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4265-6_39
Haaf, S. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-82522-4_7
Chaney, J., Ramdas, V., Rodriguez, C. R., & Wu, M.-H. (1982) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-1499-9_15
Capacitance Sensing of Frost Growth Dynamics on Aluminum Surfaces with Different WettabilitiesPreprint
Inanlu, M. J., Gurumukhi, Y., Kabirzadeh, P., Anand, R., Khodakarami, S., Viswanathan, V., Stillwell, A., & Miljkovic, N. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4597511
Measurement and calculation of frost characteristics on cold surfaces
Song, M., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95457-0.00006-x
Naqvi, S. A., Zhang, X., Song, M.-J., Zhang, L., Jing, L., Shao, K.-K., Munir, U., Rafique, F., Waqas, M., Bahrami, H.-R., et al. (2026) · Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2026.117254
Properties of the Frost Layer Formed on a Cold Flat Surface
Kim, S., Yang, D.-K., & Lee, K.-S. (2003) · Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B · doi:10.3795/ksme-b.2003.27.3.374
- Authors
- Biguria, G., & Wenzel, L. A.
- Venue
- Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 1970-02
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 129-138
- ISSN
- 0196-4313 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-4833
- OpenAlex
- W2032177654
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 7 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Phase Change Materials Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › nanoparticles nucleation surface interactions
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Icing and De-icing Technologies
- Keywords
- water frost, thermal conductivity, density, ice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
