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Crosstalk between apoptosis.; necrosis and autophagy
Open accessAbstract
Apoptosis and necrosis are the two major modes of cell death, the molecular mechanisms of which have been extensively studied. Although initially thought to constitute mutually exclusive cellular states, recent findings reveal cellular contexts that require a balanced interplay between these two modes of cellular demise. Several death initiator and effector molecules, signaling pathways and subcellular sites have been identified as key mediators in both processes, either by constituting common modules or alternatively by functioning as a switch allowing cells to decide which route to take, depending on the specific situation. Importantly, autophagy, which is a predominantly cytoprotective process, has been linked to both types of cell death, serving either a pro-survival or pro-death function. Here we review the recent literature that highlights the intricate interplay between apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy, focusing on the relevance and impact of this crosstalk in normal development and in pathology. This article is part of a Special Section entitled: Cell Death Pathways.
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“While autophagy is implicated in several paradigms of life extension and is generally considered an antiaging mechanism, autophagy is also a well-defined mechanism of cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death, ADCD [153,154,155].”
From The mitochondrial permeability transition: Nexus of aging, disease and longevity (2021) · cites this paper as [153]
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“In contrast to apoptotic reactions, necrotic reactions strongly activate immunological reaction in tissues [37].”
BackgroundSulforaphane and Albumin Attenuate Experimental Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
de Holanda, G. S., Valença, S. S., Carra, A. M., Lichtenberger, R. C. L., Franco, O. B., Ribeiro, B. E., Rosas, S. L. B., Santana, P. T., Castelo-Branco, M. T. L., de Souza, H. S. P., et al. (2021) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2021.01.014 · Cited by 11
Sedaghat, M. (2021) · Comparative Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1007/s00580-021-03275-4 · Cited by 11
“Two principal apoptotic pathways include the mitochondrial or intrinsic pathway and the death receptor or extrinsic pathway (Nikoletopoulou et al. 2013; Shirvani et al. 2021).”
BackgroundTrapp-Fragnet, L., Schermuly, J., Kohn, M., Bertzbach, L. D., Pfaff, F., Denesvre, C., Kaufer, B. B., & Härtle, S. (2021) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1010006 · Cited by 11
“In addition, the autophagy and apoptosis pathways have been shown to be tightly interconnected, and under many physiological conditions, autophagy antagonizes apoptosis [34,35].”
BackgroundSynthesis of 8-Fluoroneocryptolepine and Evaluation for Cytotoxic Activity against AGS Cancer Cells
Ma, Y., Ma, W., Zhou, Z., Huang, X., Jiang, X., Du, K., Sun, M., Zhang, H., Fang, H., Zhao, Y. C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Natural Products · doi:10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c01078 · Cited by 11
Progressive Brain Disorders in Childhood
Pascual, J. M. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781107323704 · Cited by 11
Dragoun, M., Günther, T., Frias, C., Berkessel, A., & Prokop, A. (2018) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-018-2592-x · Cited by 11
“The most thoroughly investigated mechanism of controlled cell demise is apoptosis, in which a cell undergoes an active process in response to certain death triggers, leading to loss of organelles and ultimately fragmentation into apoptotic bodies (Nikoletopoulou et al. 2013).”
BackgroundHe, Q., Yin, Y., Pan, X., Wu, Y., & Li, X. (2022) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2022.116214 · Cited by 10
BGP-15 Protects against Doxorubicin-Induced Cell Toxicity via Enhanced Mitochondrial Function
Gyöngyösi, A., Csaki, N., Pető, Á., Szőke, K., Fenyvesi, F., Bácskay, I., & Lekli, I. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24065269 · Cited by 10
“Alternatively, autophagy can also induce cell death [9].”
BackgroundA Novel Drosophila Model of Alzheimer’s Disease to Study Aβ Proteotoxicity in the Digestive Tract
Elovsson, G., Klingstedt, T., Brown, M., Nilsson, K. P. R., & Brorsson, A. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25042105 · Cited by 12
“In contrast to apoptosis, which is a form of programmed cell death, necrosis is defined as uncontrollable cell death in response to sudden damage [42,43].”
BackgroundThe role of metabolism in cardiac development
Nakano, H., & Nakano, A. (2024) · Current topics in developmental biology/Current Topics in Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2024.01.005 · Cited by 10
Delfinis, L. J., Khajehzadehshoushtar, S., & Perry, C. G. R. (2025) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp284160 · Cited by 11
“Specifically, mPT promotes the release of cytochrome c , which binds APAf-1, forming an apoptosome that can cleave caspase-9 and -3 to trigger apoptosis (Nikoletopoulou et al., 2013) (Fig.”
Autophagy regulates high concentrations of iodide-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells
Zhang, B., Cui, Y., Wang, L., Zhao, L., Hou, C., Zeng, Q., Zhang, Z., Yu, J., Zhao, Y., Nie, J., et al. (2017) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.12.007 · Cited by 10
3-methyadenine attenuates chloroform-induced hepatotoxicity via autophagy activation
Wang, L., Li, X., & Cai, C. H. E. N. (2018) · Biomedical Research · doi:10.2220/biomedres.39.87 · Cited by 10
Zheng, B., Zhou, X., Hu, X., Chen, Y., Xie, J., & Yu, Q. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1995844 · Cited by 10
Kamal, A. M., Nabih, N. A., Rakha, N. M., & Sanad, E. F. (2022) · Clinical and Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10238-022-00839-8 · Cited by 10
“Necroptosis is morphologically like necrosis but distinctive from apoptosis however both necroptosis and apoptosis shared the same range of triggering factors [3, 11].”
BackgroundRahman, M. M., & Yang, D. K. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11020428 · Cited by 10
“It can occur following ischemia or infarction, which might be due to experiencing moderate oxidative and ER stress through various finely tuned molecular signals [37,38].”
BackgroundSeo, J.-Y., Kim, J., Kim, Y., Ha, K.-Y., Kim, Y.-H., Kim, S.-I., Lim, J.-H., Seo, K. B., Kang, H., Choi, S., et al. (2023) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-023-07731-3 · Cited by 10
“Interactions among components of the two different forms of cell death indicate a complex crosstalk, which is often induced by similar stimuli [28, 29].”
Horcajo, P., Coronado, M., Pastor‐Fernández, I., Collantes-Fernández, E., Román, L. R.-S., Reyes‐Palomares, A., & Ortega‐Mora, L. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1198609 · Cited by 10
“Although both processes are different, they could be related, as necroptosis is defined as a programmed form of necrotic death and can be ignited by the same death signals that induce apoptosis but also by pathogen recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors (64, 65).”
BackgroundAlzain, A. A., Elbadwi, F. A., Mukhtar, R. M., Shoaib, T. H., Abdelmoniem, N., Miski, S. F., Ghazawi, K. F., Alsulaimany, M., Mohamed, S. G. A., Ainousah, B. E., et al. (2023) · Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics · doi:10.1080/07391102.2023.2281637 · Cited by 10
“It is widely recognized in cancer biology that apoptosis evasion is a key feature of cancer, as it helps cancer cells evade the body’s natural mechanisms for eliminating abnormal or damaged cells (Croce, 2008; Muller, 2017; Nikoletopoulou et al., 2013; Petsri et al., 2020; Pistritto et al., 2016).”
Valtink, M., Donath, P., Engelmann, K., & Knels, L. (2015) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-015-3235-4 · Cited by 10
Srivastava, A., Kumar, V., Pandey, A., Jahan, S., Kumar, D., Rajpurohit, C. S., Singh, S., Khanna, V. K., & Pant, A. B. (2016) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-016-9778-5 · Cited by 10
“Cellular destruction is in fact a balanced interplay involving autophagy along with apoptosis and necrosis [1, 2].”
BackgroundWarnes, G. (2020) · APOPTOSIS · doi:10.1007/s10495-020-01613-5 · Cited by 10
Mishra, S., Divakar, A., Srivastava, S., Dewangan, J., Sharma, D., Asthana, S., Chaturvedi, S., Wahajuddin, M., Kumar, S., & Rath, S. K. (2020) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.001 · Cited by 10
Udo, M. S. B., da Silva, M. A. A., Prates, S. D. S., Dal'Jovem, L. F., Duro, S. D. O., Faião‐Flores, F., Garcia, R. C. T., Maria–Engler, S. S., & Marcourakis, T. (2021) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-021-03017-z · Cited by 10
Sakai, Y., Nasti, A., Takeshita, Y., Okumura, M., Kitajima, S., Honda, M., Wada, T., Nakamura, S., Takamura, T., Tamura, T., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-96078-0 · Cited by 10
Li, M., Chen, C., Wang, Q., Jiang, X., Tan, L., Huang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2021) · Cancer Cell International · doi:10.1186/s12935-021-02375-z · Cited by 10
“Apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy are believed as the main three types of cell death and play a vital role in a variety of cancers [24].”
BackgroundSynergistic and additive effect of retinoic acid in circumventing resistance to p53 restoration
Larsson, C. A., Moyer, S. M., Liu, B., Michel, K. A., Pant, V., Yang, P., Wong, J., El‐Naggar, A. K., Krahe, R., & Lozano, G. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1719001115 · Cited by 10
Chiou, Y., Zheng, Y.-N., Tsai, M., Lai, C., Ho, C., & Pan, M. (2018) · Journal of Food Bioactives · doi:10.31665/jfb.2018.2143 · Cited by 10
Evaluation of cytotoxic and antitumor activity of perillaldehyde 1,2-epoxide
Andrade, L. N., Patrícia, S., Amaral, R. G., Dória, G. A. A., Andressa, D. S., Melina, A., Ricardo, L. C. A. J., Maria, C. S. L., Claudia, O. P., Adriana, A. C., et al. (2018) · Journal of Medicinal Plants Research · doi:10.5897/jmpr2018.6699 · Cited by 10
“Morphologically, the necrotic cells are characterized by the swelling of organelles, rupture of the plasma membrane (cell lysis), the nucleus becomes distended (nucleus intact) and usually followed by inflammatory reactions (Nikoletopoulou et al., 2013).”
BackgroundLiu, X., Castle, V., & Taketo, T. (2019) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-019-2019-x · Cited by 10
From street to lab: in vitro hepatotoxicity of buphedrone, butylone and 3,4-DMMC
Bravo, R. R., Carmo, H., Valente, M. J., Silva, J. P., Carvalho, F. D., Bastos, M. D. L., & da Silva, D. D. (2021) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-021-02990-9 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Nikoletopoulou, V., Markaki, M., Palikaras, K., & Tavernarakis, N.
- Affiliations
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Tavernarakis, Nektarios
- Venue
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 1833
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3448-3459
- ISSN
- 0167-4889 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2059738518
- Cited by
- 1,366
- References
- 150
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 80 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 147 · 2020: 133 · 2019: 146 · 2018: 136 · 2017: 141 · 2016: 122 · 2015: 107 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 8.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS (submittedVersion)
- SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Research Council
- Ministry of National Education and Religious Affairs
- European Molecular Biology Organization
- Seventh Framework Programme
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
- Keywords
- apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, cell death crosstalk, cell death pathways, cell fate determination, development (biology), disease pathology
- MeSH terms
- Autophagy, Humans, Models, Biological, Necrosis, Signal Transduction, Apoptosis
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