The effects of exercise on vaccination responses: A review of chronic and acute exercise interventions in humans
Abstract
Vaccination programs, although feted for success in reducing infectious disease morbidity and mortality, are limited by vaccine efficacy, which is particularly problematic in populations with reduced immune function. Exercise has been identified as a behavioural factor that can improve immune function in some settings and cohorts, and therefore, in the setting of vaccination, it may serve as an adjuvant for immune responses. Here, we summarise the body of evidence that has investigated the effects of chronic or acute exercise interventions on vaccination responses. A systematic search of the literature was conducted including six major databases. Randomised control trials (RCTs), cross-sectional and observational studies that involved a variety of population samples and that employed any modality or intensity of acute exercise or chronic training prior to vaccine administration and measured any immune response were included. Twenty trials met the inclusion criteria for this review. Nine studies investigated the effect of acute exercise on the immune response to vaccination, whilst the remaining eleven studies investigated the effect of chronic exercise. Most of the current published literature suggests that exposure to either acute or chronic exercise significantly augments the immune response to vaccination. The clinical importance of this adjuvant action of exercise, if any, as well as variability in responsiveness across different cohorts, dose-response relationships and the optimal exercise modality to employ for this indication deserve further study.
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In vivo antibody responses to novel antigens can be improved with just minutes of exercise undertaken at the time of vaccination.
“For example, in vivo antibody responses to novel antigens can be improved with just minutes of exercise undertaken at the time of vaccination.”
From Is immunosenescence influenced by our lifetime “dose” of exercise? (2016) · cites this paper as Pascoe et al. 2014
Acute bouts of exercise and exercise training interventions have been shown to improve in vivo immune responses in the young and elderly, such as antibody responses to influenza vaccines.
“Moreover, acute bouts of exercise (and also exercise training interventions) have been shown to improve in vivo immune responses in the young and elderly, such as antibody responses to influenza vaccines (Pascoe et al. 2014).”
From Is immunosenescence influenced by our lifetime “dose” of exercise? (2016) · cites this paper as Pascoe et al. 2014
Even in vaccine studies that have not directly investigated, characterised or controlled for the degree of immunological ageing in the volunteers examined, acute and chronic exercise can improve the response to in vivo novel antigen challenge.
“Encouragingly though, even in vaccine studies that have not directly investigated, characterised or controlled for the degree of immunological ageing in the volunteers examined, it has been shown that acute and chronic exercise can improve the response to this in vivo novel antigen challenge (de Araujo et al. 2015; Pascoe et al. 2014).”
From Is immunosenescence influenced by our lifetime “dose” of exercise? (2016) · cites this paper as Pascoe et al. 2014
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- Authors
- Pascoe, A. R., Fiatarone Singh, M. A., & Edwards, K. M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Edwards, Kate M.
- ORCID
- Edwards, Kate M.
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-07
- Volume
- 39
- Pages
- 33-41
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2077828153
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 1.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune responses and vaccinations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Keywords
- physical activity, vaccination, vaccine response, acute exercise, exercise training, immune function, vaccine efficacy, dose-response relationship, exercise modalities
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Vaccination, Vaccines, Exercise, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult
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