Clinical characteristics of inflammation-associated depression: monocyte gene expression is age-related in major depressive disorder
Abstract
Increased inflammatory activation might only be present in a subgroup of depressed individuals in which immune processes are especially relevant to disease development. We aimed to analyze demographic, depression, and trauma characteristics of major depressive disorder (MDD) patients with regard to inflammatory monocyte gene expression. Fifty-six naturalistically treated MDD patients (32 ± 12 years) and 57 healthy controls (HC; 31 ± 11 years) were analyzed by the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS) and by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). We determined the expression of 38 inflammatory and immune activation genes including the glucocorticoid receptor (GR)α and GRβ genes in purified CD14(+) monocytes using quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Monocyte gene expression was age-dependent, particularly in MDD patients. Increased monocyte gene expression and decreased GRα/β ratio were only present in MDD patients aged ⩾ 28 years. Post hoc analyses of monocyte immune activation in patients <28 years showed two subgroups: a subgroup with a severe course of depression (recurrent type, onset <15 years) - additionally characterized by panic/arousal symptoms and childhood trauma - that had a monocyte gene expression similar to HC, and a second subgroup with a milder course of the disorder (73% first episode depression, onset ⩾15 years) - additionally characterized by the absence of panic symptoms - that exhibited a strongly reduced inflammatory monocyte activation compared to HC. In conclusion, monocyte immune activation was not uniformly raised in MDD patients but was increased only in patients of 28 years and older.
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Higher immune/inflammatory setpoints with higher circulating biomarkers of inflammation are observed in mood disorders and are investigated as pathogenetic mechanisms for depressive psychopathology.
“Higher immune/inflammatory setpoints with higher circulating biomarkers of inflammation are observed in mood disorders in the absence of known triggering factors, and are currently investigated as underpinning pathogenetic mechanisms for depressive psychopathology (Gibney and Drexhage, 2013, Grosse et al., 2015, Poletti et al., 2020b).”
From Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up (2021) · cites this paper as Grosse et al., 2015
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- Authors
- Grosse, L., Carvalho, L. A., Wijkhuijs, A. J. M., Bellingrath, S., Ruland, T., Ambrée, O., Alferink, J., Ehring, T., Drexhage, H. A., & Arolt, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Münster (DE)
- University College London (GB)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Grosse, Laura
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain Behavior and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-02
- Volume
- 44
- Pages
- 48-56
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2093562581
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 2.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- MOODINFLAME (EU-FP7-HEALTH-F2-2008-222963)
- PSYCH-AID (EU-FP7-PEOPLE-2009-IAPP)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, inflammation, monocytes, CD14+ monocytes, gene expression, glucocorticoid receptor, age differences, childhood trauma, panic symptoms, recurrent depression, first-episode depression, immune activation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Middle Aged, Monocytes, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Gene Expression, Young Adult
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