Forced swimming sabotages the morphological and synaptic maturation of newborn granule neurons and triggers a unique pro-inflammatory milieu in the hippocampus
Abstract
Recent experimental data suggest that mood disorders are related to inflammatory phenomena and have led to the "inflammatory hypothesis of depression". Given that the hippocampus is one of the most affected areas in these disorders, we used a model of acute stress (the Porsolt test) to evaluate the consequences of forced swimming on two crucial events related to the pathophysiology of major depression: the functional maturation of newborn granule neurons; and the hippocampal inflammatory milieu. Using PSD95:GFP-expressing retroviruses, we found that forced swimming selectively alters the dendritic morphology of newborn neurons and impairs their connectivity by reducing the number and volume of their postsynaptic densities. In addition, acute stress triggered a series of morphological changes in microglial cells, together with an increase in microglial CD68 expression, thus suggesting the functional and morphological activation of this cell population. Furthermore, we observed an intriguing change in the hippocampal inflammatory milieu in response to forced swimming. Importantly, the levels of several molecules affected by acute stress (such as Interleukin-6 and eotaxin) have been described to also be altered in patients with depression and other mood disorders.
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Many different types of stress (social and physical) diminish the number of new neurons in the hippocampus.
“Many different types of stress (social and physical) diminish the number of new neurons in the hippocampus (Dagytė et al., 2009; De Miguel et al., 2018; Llorens-Martín et al., 2016; Mirescu et al., 2004; Opendak et al., 2016).”
From Adult neurogenesis, glia, and the extracellular matrix (2019) · cites this paper as Llorens-Martín et al., 2016
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- Authors
- Llorens-Martín, M., Jurado-Arjona, J., Bolós, M., Pallas-Bazarra, N., & Ávila, J.
- Affiliations
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Ávila, Jesús
- Venue
- Brain Behavior and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-03
- Volume
- 53
- Pages
- 242-254
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2207495263
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 1.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Alzheimer's Association (2015-NIRG-340709)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- forced swim test, acute stress, hippocampus, granule neurons, neuronal maturation, dendritic morphology, postsynaptic density, PSD-95, microglial activation, CD68, neuroinflammation, major depressive disorder, interleukin-6, eotaxin, Porsolt forced swim test
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dendrites, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Hippocampus, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Neurons, Stress, Physiological, Swimming, Microglia, Models, Animal, Mice, Neurogenesis
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