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The microbiome, immunity, and schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Open accessAbstract
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are serious neuropsychiatric disorders of uncertain etiology. Recent studies indicate that immune activation may contribute to the etiopathogenesis of these disorders. Numerous studies in animal models indicate that the mucosal microbiome may influence cognition and behavior by altering the functioning of the immune system. It is thus likely that the microbiome plays a role in human psychiatric disorders. The study of immune alterations and the microbiome in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is in its infancy. Two recent investigations of the oro-pharyngeal microbiota in schizophrenia found differences between cases and controls. Other studies have found increased gastrointestinal inflammation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder based on measures of microbial translocation. Several studies have also found an association between the receipt of antibiotics and an increased incidence of psychiatric disorders, perhaps due to alterations in the microbiome. Studies to characterize the intestinal microbiome of individuals with these disorders are in progress. The ultimate test of the role of the microbiome and immune-mediated pathology in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder will come from clinical trials of therapeutic agents which alter gut microbiota or gastrointestinal inflammation. The successful development of such modalities would represent a novel strategy to prevent and treat serious psychiatric disorders.
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“Patients with SCZ and BD have been consistently shown to present with increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress products, chemokines, and soluble adhesion molecules both in the peripheral blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (14, 15).”
From Investigation of systemic immune-inflammation index, neutrophil/high-density lipoprotein ratio, lymphocyte/high-density lipoprotein ratio, and monocyte/high-density lipoprotein ratio as indicators of inflammation in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Chronic low-level inflammation, characterized by a diminished yet ongoing reaction, is commonly observed in emotional, psychiatric, personality, and neurotic conditions (11).”
From Retrospective evaluation of novel serum inflammatory biomarkers in first-episode psychiatric disorders: diagnostic potential and immune dysregulation (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Dickerson, F., Severance, E., & Yolken, R.
- Affiliations
- Sheppard Pratt Health System (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dickerson, Faith
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 62
- Pages
- 46-52
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5503102
- OpenAlex
- W2565906784
- Cited by
- 268
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 7
- FWCI
- 2.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH094268)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- microbiome, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, immune activation, gut microbiota, oral microbiota, gastrointestinal inflammation, microbial translocation, antibiotics, neuropsychiatric disorders, gut-brain axis
- MeSH terms
- Bipolar Disorder, Humans, Immunity, Schizophrenia, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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