Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Schizophrenia Symptoms and Association With Gastrointestinal Functioning: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
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Article Abstract Objective: A range of immune system abnormalities have been associated with schizophrenia. Probiotic compounds modulate the immune response and offer a potential treatment strategy for schizophrenia. Probiotic compounds have also been observed to improve gastrointestinal dysfunction, which is a common problem in individuals with schizophrenia. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to examine whether probiotic supplementation can reduce symptom severity in patients with schizophrenia receiving antipsychotic treatment and also whether probiotics are associated with bowel functioning. Methods: Outpatients with schizophrenia (N = 65) meeting DSM-IV criteria and with at least moderately severe psychotic symptoms were enrolled in the study from December 2010-August 2012. Following a 2-week placebo run-in period, patients were randomly assigned to 14 weeks of double-blind adjunctive probiotic (combined Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strain Bb12) or placebo therapy. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed biweekly with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and patients were queried weekly about their gastrointestinal functioning. Results: Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed no significant differences in the PANSS total score between probiotic and placebo supplementation (F = 1.28, P = .25). However, patients in the probiotic group were less likely to develop severe bowel difficulty over the course of the trial (hazard ratio = 0.23; 95% CI, 0.09-0.61, P = .003). Conclusions: Probiotic supplementation may help prevent a common somatic symptom associated with schizophrenia. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01242371 Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2014;16(1):doi:10.4088/PCC.13m01579 © Copyright 2014 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc. Submitted: September 6, 2013; accepted October 18, 2013. Published online: February 13, 2014. Corresponding author: Faith B. Dickerson, PhD, Stanley Research Program at Sheppard Pratt, Sheppard Pratt Health System, 6501 North Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21204 (fdickerson@sheppardpratt.org).
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Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strain Bb12 did not affect PANSS scores in schizophrenia patients in a 14-week trial.
“However, the use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strain Bb12 did not have an effect on PANSS scores in SZ patients in a 14-week trial [37].”
From Effect of Supplementation with Probiotics in Patients with Schizophrenia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials (2025) · cites this paper as [37]
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- Authors
- Dickerson, F. B., Stallings, C., Origoni, A., Katsafanas, E., Savage, C. L. G., Schweinfurth, L. A. B., Goga, J., Khushalani, S., & Yolken, R. H.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dickerson, Faith B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2014-02-13
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2155-7772 (ISSN-L)
- 2155-7780
- PMC
- PMC4048142
- OpenAlex
- W2088974372
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 13.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- probiotics, schizophrenia, gastrointestinal dysfunction, antipsychotic drugs, immune abnormalities, symptom severity, adjunctive therapy
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