Behavioral phenotyping of glutathione-deficient mice: Relevance to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Kulak, Anita; Cuenod, Michel; Do, Kim Q.

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.10.020

Cited by 90Schizophrenia research and treatmentRedox biology and oxidative stressGlutathione Transferases and Polymorphisms

Behavioral phenotyping of glutathione-deficient mice: Relevance to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

Kulak, Anita, Cuenod, Michel, Do, Kim Q.·2012·Behavioural Brain Research

DOI 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.10.020

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Abstract

Redox-dysregulation represents a common pathogenic mechanism in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP). It may in part arise from a genetically compromised synthesis of glutathione (GSH), the major cellular antioxidant and redox-regulator. Allelic variants of the genes coding for the rate-limiting GSH synthesizing enzyme glutamate-cysteine-ligase modifier (GCLM) and/or catalytic (GCLC) subunit have been associated with SZ and BP. Using mice knockout (KO) for GCLM we have previously shown that impaired GSH synthesis is associated with morphological, functional and neurochemical anomalies similar to those in patients. Here we asked whether GSH deficit is also associated with SZ- and BP-relevant behavioral and cognitive anomalies. Accordingly, we subjected young adult GCLM-wildtype (WT), heterozygous and KO males to a battery of standard tests. Compared to WT, GCLM-KO mice displayed hyperlocomotion in the open field and forced swim test but normal activity in the home cage, suggesting that hyperlocomotion was selective to environmental novelty and mildly stressful situations. While spatial working memory and latent inhibition remained unaffected, KO mice showed a potentiated hyperlocomotor response to an acute amphetamine injection, impaired sensorymotor gating in the form of prepulse inhibition and altered social behavior compared to WT. These anomalies resemble important aspects of both SZ and the manic component of BP. As such our data support the notion that redox-dysregulation due to GSH deficit is implicated in both disorders. Moreover, our data propose the GCLM-KO mouse as a valuable model to study the behavioral and cognitive consequences of redox dysregulation in the context of psychiatric disease.

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Transient pharmacological depletion of brain GSH early in development (between postnatal days 5 and 16) leads to PVI abnormalities in the adult anterior cingulate cortex as well as cognitive and olfactory discrimination deficits.
“Moreover, transient pharmacological depletion of brain GSH early in development (between postnatal days 5 and 16) leads to PVI abnormalities in the adult anterior cingulate cortex as well as cognitive and olfactory discrimination deficits 49 .”
From Linking early-life NMDAR hypofunction and oxidative stress in schizophrenia pathogenesis (2016) · cites this paper as [49]
Pharmacological depletion of brain GSH using a GCL inhibitor induces sensory and cognitive disturbances similar to schizophrenia.
“Pharmacological depletion of brain GSH using a GCL inhibitor induces similar sensory and cognitive disturbances 48,49 .”
From Linking early-life NMDAR hypofunction and oxidative stress in schizophrenia pathogenesis (2016) · cites this paper as [49]

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The promise of N-acetylcysteine in neuropsychiatry
Berk, M., Malhi, G. S., Gray, L. J., & Dean, O. M. (2013) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2013.01.001 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
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Inflammation in schizophrenia: A question of balance
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Decreased Brain Levels of Vitamin B12 in Aging, Autism and Schizophrenia
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Targeting Oxidative Stress and Aberrant Critical Period Plasticity in the Developmental Trajectory to Schizophrenia
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The glutathione cycle shapes synaptic glutamate activity
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Oxidative Stress and the Pathophysiology and Symptom Profile of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
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MMP9/RAGE pathway overactivation mediates redox dysregulation and neuroinflammation, leading to inhibitory/excitatory imbalance: a reverse translation study in schizophrenia patients
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Animal models of bipolar mania: The past, present and future
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Redox Dysregulation in the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: Insights from Animal Models
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Prevention and reversal of ketamine-induced schizophrenia related behavior by minocycline in mice: Possible involvement of antioxidant and nitrergic pathways
Monte, A. S., de Souza, G. C., McIntyre, R. S., Soczynska, J. K., Santos, J. V. D., Cordeiro, R. C., Ribeiro, B. M. M., de Lucena, D. F., Vasconcelos, S. M. M., de Sousa, F. C. F., et al. (2013) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881113503506 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Glutathione deficit impairs myelin maturation: relevance for white matter integrity in schizophrenia patients
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Does Vitamin C Deficiency Affect Cognitive Development and Function?
Hansen, S. L., Tveden‐Nyborg, P., & Lykkesfeldt, J. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6093818 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Potential Roles of Redox Dysregulation in the Development of Schizophrenia
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Glutathione levels and activities of glutathione metabolism enzymes in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Molecular substrates of schizophrenia: homeostatic signaling to connectivity
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Alpha-lipoic acid alone and combined with clozapine reverses schizophrenia-like symptoms induced by ketamine in mice: Participation of antioxidant, nitrergic and neurotrophic mechanisms
Vasconcelos, G. S., Ximenes, N. C., de Sousa, C. N. S., Oliveira, T. D. Q., Lima, L. L. L., de Lucena, D. F., Gama, C. S., Macêdo, D. S., & Vasconcelos, S. M. M. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.04.017 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Convergence of genetic and environmental factors on parvalbumin-positive interneurons in schizophrenia
Jiang, Z., Cowell, R. M., & Nakazawa, K. (2013) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00116 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Dysfunction of ventral tegmental area GABA neurons causes mania-like behavior
Yu, X., Ba, W., Zhao, G., Ma, Y., Harding, E. C., Yin, L., Wang, D., Li, H., Zhang, P., Shi, Y., et al. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0810-9 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
MicroRNA-155 deletion reduces anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in mice
Fonken, L. K., Gaudet, A. D., Gaier, K. R., Nelson, R. J., & Popovich, P. G. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.10.019 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Behavioral Tasks Evaluating Schizophrenia-like Symptoms in Animal Models: A Recent Update
Ang, M. J., Lee, S., Kim, J.-C., Kim, S., & Moon, C. (2020) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x18666200814175114 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Hippocampal neurons require a large pool of glutathione to sustain dendrite integrity and cognitive function
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Ketamine-induced behavioural and brain oxidative changes in mice: an assessment of possible beneficial effects of zinc as mono- or adjunct therapy
Onaolapo, O. J., Ademakinwa, O. Q., Olalekan, T. O., & Onaolapo, A. Y. (2017) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4666-x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide reverses mania-like alterations and memory deficits induced by D-amphetamine and augments lithium effects in mice: Relevance for bipolar disorder
Filho, A. J. M. C., Cunha, N. L., de Souza, A. G., Soares, M. V.-R., Jucá, P. M., de Queiroz, T., Oliveira, J. V. S., Valvassori, S. S., Barichello, T., Quevedo, J., et al. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109872 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Thalamic reticular nucleus impairments and abnormal prefrontal control of dopamine system in a developmental model of schizophrenia: prevention by N-acetylcysteine
Zhu, X., Cabungcal, J.-H., Cuénod, M., Uliana, D. L., Kim, Q., & Grace, A. A. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01198-8 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Timely N-Acetyl-Cysteine and Environmental Enrichment Rescue Oxidative Stress-Induced Parvalbumin Interneuron Impairments via MMP9/RAGE Pathway: A Translational Approach for Early Intervention in Psychosis
Dwir, D., Cabungcal, J.-H., Xin, L., Giangreco, B., Parietti, E., Cleusix, M., Jenni, R., Klauser, P., Conus, P., Cuénod, M., et al. (2021) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbab066 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Impaired fornix–hippocampus integrity is linked to peripheral glutathione peroxidase in early psychosis
Baumann, P., Griffa, A., Fournier, M., Golay, P., Ferrari, C., Alameda, L., Cuénod, M., Thiran, J., Hagmann, P., Do, K. Q., et al. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.117 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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Reduced superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with early psychosis in association with clinical features
Coughlin, J. M., Hayes, L. N., Tanaka, T., Xiao, M.-F., Yolken, R. H., Worley, P. F., Leweke, F. M., & Sawa, A. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.10.040 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Decreased Zinc Availability Affects Glutathione Metabolism in Neuronal Cells and in the Developing Brain
Omata, Y., Salvador, G. A., Supasai, S., Keenan, A. H., & Oteiza, P. I. (2013) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kft022 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Echo time optimization for J‐difference editing of glutathione at 3T
Chan, K. L., Puts, N. A. J., Snoussi, K., Harris, A. D., Barker, P. B., & Edden, R. A. E. (2016) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.26122 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ventral hippocampal molecular pathways and impaired neurogenesis associated with 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors disruption in mice
Xia, L., Deloménie, C., Mendez‐David, I., Rainer, Q., Marouard, M., Delacroix, H., David, D. J. P., Gardier, A. M., & Guilloux, J. (2012) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.046 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Alterations in the Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in the Neurodevelopmental Rat Model of Schizophrenia Induced by Glutathione Deficiency during Early Postnatal Life
Górny, M., Bilska‐Wilkosz, A., Iciek, M., Hereta, M., Kamińska, K., Kamińska, A., Chwatko, G., Rogóż, Z., & Lorenc‐Koci, E. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9060538 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Electrophysiological intermediate biomarkers for oxidative stress in schizophrenia
Ballesteros, A., Summerfelt, A., Du, X., Jiang, P., Chiappelli, J., Tagamets, M., O’Donnell, P., Kochunov, P., & Hong, L. E. (2013) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2013.05.021 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Sex influences in the preventive effects of N-acetylcysteine in a two-hit animal model of schizophrenia
Monte, A. S., da Silva, F. E. R., Lima, C. N. D. C., Vasconcelos, G. S., Gomes, N. S., Miyajima, F., Vasconcelos, S. M. M., Gama, C. S., Seeman, M. V., de Lucena, D. F., et al. (2019) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881119875979 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Investigating the underlying mechanisms of aberrant behaviors in bipolar disorder from patients to models
van Enkhuizen, J., Geyer, M. A., Minassian, A., Perry, W., Henry, B. L., & Young, J. W. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.08.008 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Antidepressant-like responses in the forced swimming test elicited by glutathione and redox modulation
Rosa, J. M., Dafré, A. L., & Rodrigues, A. L. S. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.009 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Neuronal activity induces glutathione metabolism gene expression in astrocytes
McGann, J. C., & Mandel, G. (2018) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23455 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Combined glyoxalase 1 dysfunction and vitamin B6 deficiency in a schizophrenia model system causes mitochondrial dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex
Toriumi, K., Berto, S., Koike, S., Usui, N., Dan, T., Suzuki, K., Miyashita, M., Horiuchi, Y., Yoshikawa, A., Asakura, M., et al. (2021) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2021.102057 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Gender and estrous cycle influences on behavioral and neurochemical alterations in adult rats neonatally administered ketamine
Borella, V., Seeman, M. V., Cordeiro, R. C., Santos, J. V. D., de Souza, M. R. M., Fernandes, E. N. D. S., Monte, A. S., Vasconcelos, S. M. M., Quinn, J. P., de Lucena, D. F., et al. (2015) · Developmental Neurobiology · doi:10.1002/dneu.22329 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Early Life and Oxidative Stress in Psychiatric Disorders: What Can we Learn From Animal Models?
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3D imaging of the brain morphology and connectivity defects in a model of psychiatric disorders: MAP6-KO mice
Gimenez, U., Boulan, B., Mauconduit, F., Taurel, F., Leclercq, M., Denarier, É., Brocard, J., Gory‐Fauré, S., Andrieux, A., Lahrech, H., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10544-2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Y2 receptor agonist PYY3–36 increases the behavioural response to novelty and acute dopaminergic drug challenge in mice
Weber‐Stadlbauer, U., Weber, E., Langhans, W., & Meyer, U. (2013) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145713001223 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Interaction between TSPO—a neuroimmune marker—and redox status in clinical high risk for psychosis: a PET–MRS study
Hafizi, S., Silva, T. M. S., Meyer, J. H., Michael Kiang, A., Houle, S., Remington, G. J., Prce, I., Wilson, A. A., Rusjan, P., Sailasuta, N., et al. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0061-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Effect of electromagnetic radiation on redox status, acetylcholine esterase activity and cellular damage contributing to the diminution of the brain working memory in rats
Sharma, S., & Shukla, S. (2020) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101784 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Glutathione Deficiency and Alterations in the Sulfur Amino Acid Homeostasis during Early Postnatal Development as Potential Triggering Factors for Schizophrenia-Like Behavior in Adult Rats
Górny, M., Wnuk, A., Kamińska, A., Kamińska, K., Chwatko, G., Bilska‐Wilkosz, A., Iciek, M., Kajta, M., Rogóż, Z., & Lorenc‐Koci, E. (2019) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules24234253 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Repeated Exposure of Adult Rats to Transient Oxidative Stress Induces Various Long-Lasting Alterations in Cognitive and Behavioral Functions
Iguchi, Y., Kosugi, S., Nishikawa, H., Lin, Z., Minabe, Y., & Toda, S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114024 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Exploring the Lean Phenotype of Glutathione-Depleted Mice: Thiol, Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Profiles
Elshorbagy, A. K., Jernerén, F., Scudamore, C. L., McMurray, F., Cater, H. L., Hough, T., Cox, R., & Refsum, H. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163214 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Recent Reports on Redox Stress-Induced Mitochondrial DNA Variations, Neuroglial Interactions, and NMDA Receptor System in Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia
Beeraka, N. M., Ávila-Rodriguez, M., & Aliev, G. M. (2022) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-021-02703-4 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Adolescent Stress-Induced Ventral Hippocampus Redox Dysregulation Underlies Behavioral Deficits and Excitatory/Inhibitory Imbalance Related to Schizophrenia
Santos‐Silva, T., Lopes, C. F. B., Ülgen, D. H., Guimarães, D. A., Guimarães, F. S., Alberici, L. C., Sandi, C., & Gomes, F. V. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbae033 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Evaluating negative-symptom-like behavioural changes in developmental models of schizophrenia
Moser, P. C. (2013) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.11.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Reduction in phencyclidine induced sensorimotor gating deficits in the rat following increased system xc − activity in the medial prefrontal cortex
Lutgen, V., Qualmann, K. J., Resch, J. M., Kong, L., Choi, S., & Baker, D. L. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2926-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Standardized extract of Erythrina velutina Willd. attenuates schizophrenia-Like behaviours and oxidative parameters in experimental animal models
Dias, K. C. F., de Almeida, J. C., Vasconcelos, L. C., Patrocínio, M. L. V., Barbosa, T. M., Ximenes, N. C., Leitão, A. P. D. A., Louchard, B. O., Pimenta, A. T. Á., Pinto, F. D. C. L., et al. (2018) · Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/jphp.13039 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mesenchymal stem cells protect from sub-chronic phencyclidine insult in vivo and counteract changes in astrocyte gene expression in vitro
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Abdominal vagal deafferentation alters affective behaviors in rats.
Klarer, M., Weber-Stadlbauer, U., Arnold, M., Langhans, W., & Meyer, U. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.015 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A new method for vibration-based neurophenotyping of zebrafish
Wang, J., Wang, D., Hu, G., Yang, L., Yan, D., Wang, M., Serikuly, N., Alpyshov, E. T., Amstislavskaya, T. G., Demin, K. A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108563 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Oxidative Stress in the Early Stage of Psychosis
Ventriglio, A., Bellomo, A., Favale, D., Bonfitto, I., Vitrani, G., Dario, D. S., Cuozzo, E., Ilaria, D. G., Pettorruso, M., Perna, G., et al. (2021) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1568026621666210701105839 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Antioxidant N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Restores the Behavioral Deficits in a Neurodevelopmental Model of Schizophrenia Through a Mechanism That Involves Nitric Oxide
Lopes-Rocha, A. C., Bezerra, T. O., Zanotto, R., Nascimento, I. L., Rodrigues, A., & Salum, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.924955 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cacna1c deficiency in forebrain glutamatergic neurons alters behavior and hippocampal plasticity in female mice
Loganathan, S., Menegaz, D., Delling, J. P., Eder, M., & Deussing, J. M. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-03140-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Glutathione Therapy in Diseases: Challenges and Potential Solutions for Therapeutic Advancement
Dehkordi, H. T., & Ghasemi, S. (2023) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/1566524023666230818142831 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dietary methionine supplementation improves cognitive dysfunction associated with transsulfuration pathway upregulation in subacute aging mice
Xu, Y., Yang, Y., Shi, Y., Li, B., Xie, Y., & Le, G. (2024) · npj Science of Food · doi:10.1038/s41538-024-00348-w · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Role of Oxidative Stress in Pathophysiological Progression of Schizophrenia
Bhatt, S., Upadhyay, T., Patil, C., Pai, K. S. R., Chellappan, D. K., & Dua, K. (2022) · Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews · doi:10.2174/2666082218666220822154558 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sex biased spatial strategies relying on the integration of multimodal cues in a rat model of schizophrenia: Impairment in predicting future context?
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MEGA-PRESS and PRESS measure oxidation of glutathione in a phantom
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Genetic Disruption of System xc-Mediated Glutamate Release from Astrocytes Increases Negative-Outcome Behaviors While Preserving Basic Brain Function in Rat
Hess, E. M., Kassel, S. N., Simandl, G. J., Raddatz, N. J., Maunze, B., Hurley, M. M., Grzybowski, M. N., Klotz, J., Geurts, A. M., Liu, Q.-S., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1525-22.2023 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Rodent models for mood disorders – understanding molecular changes by investigating social behavior
Reinhardt, P. R., Theis, C. D. C., Juckel, G., & Freund, N. (2023) · Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1515/hsz-2023-0190 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dysregulation of Glutathione Synthesis in Psychiatric Disorders
Lorenc-Koci, E. (2015) · Oxidative stress in applied basic research and clinical practice · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0440-2_14 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Anxiety modulates cognitive deficits in a perinatal glutathione deficit animal model of schizophrenia
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microRNA and the Post-Transcriptional Response to Oxidative Stress during Neuronal Differentiation: Implications for Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Disorders
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Complex epigenetic patterns in cerebellum generated after developmental exposure to trichloroethylene and/or high fat diet in autoimmune-prone mice
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Zingerone neuroprotective effects in a rat model of manic-like behavior induced by ketamine
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Assessment of serum level of total glutathione in a sample of schizophrenic patients versus bipolar patients
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Self-citation
A Developmental In Vivo 1 H Nmr Study In Mice With Genetic Redox Dysregulation: An Animal Model With Relevance To Schizophrenia
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Authors: Kulak, A., Cuenod, M., & Do, K. Q.
Affiliations: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
Corresponding author: Kulak, Anita
Venue: Behavioural Brain Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2012-01
Volume: 226
Issue: 2
Pages: 563-570
ISSN: 0166-4328 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.10.020
OpenAlex: W1979121076
Cited by: 90
References: 92
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 4.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Behavioural Brain Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
IRIS (submittedVersion)
SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
Vedecká Grantová Agentúra MŠVVaŠ SR a SAV
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Glutathione Transferases and Polymorphisms
Keywords: glutathione deficiency, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, redox dysregulation, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, hyperlocomotion, prepulse inhibition, sensory gating, amphetamine response, social behavior, spatial working memory, latent inhibition, behavioral phenotyping
MeSH terms: Animals, Behavior, Animal, Bipolar Disorder, Disease Models, Animal, Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase, Glutathione, Humans, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Phenotype, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Mice, Knockout, Mice

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Behavioral phenotyping of glutathione-deficient mice: Relevance to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

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