Long-term test–retest reliability of delayed reward discounting in adolescents
Open accessAbstract
Delay discounting (DD), a decline in subjective value of a reward with increasing temporal delay in receipt of that reward, is an established behavioral indicator of impulsivity. Preference for smaller-immediate over larger-delayed rewards has been implicated in the basic neurobehavioral mechanisms of risk for addictive disorders and related externalizing psychopathology. Establishing long-term stability of DD in adolescence is a necessary step towards its validation as an intermediate phenotype, or marker of risk, in neurobiological and genetic studies. Previous studies have demonstrated moderate to high test-retest reliability of DD, however, these studies utilized adult samples and examined relatively short retest intervals. Due to continuing development of brain and behavior, stability of temporal discounting behavior in adolescence may differ from that in adulthood. Here, two cohorts of adolescents aged 16 (n=126) and 18 (n=111) were administered a computerized test of DD and re-tested two years later. DD rate showed a modest but significant decrease with age, suggesting a reduction in overall impulsivity from middle to late adolescence. Significant test-retest correlations were observed in both cohorts (.67 and .76, respectively, p<.001) indicating longitudinal stability of individual differences in decision-making behavior during middle and late adolescence. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: insert SI title.
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The extent to which a person discounts delayed outcomes is trait-like, remaining stable across time and across situations that are functionally similar.
“The degree to which an individual discounts delayed events appears trait-like in that it is stable over time and across functionally similar situations.”
From Changing Delay Discounting and Impulsive Choice: Implications for Addictions, Prevention, and Human Health (2019) · cites this paper as Anokhin et al., 2015
Individuals who steeply discount at initial assessment continue to be ranked at the steep end of the participant pool at retest.
“That is, those individuals who demonstrate steep discounting at the initial assessment continue to be ranked at the steep end of the participant pool at the retest.”
From Changing Delay Discounting and Impulsive Choice: Implications for Addictions, Prevention, and Human Health (2019) · cites this paper as Anokhin et al., 2015
The rank-order correlation of discounting rates is comparable to that of other psychological traits across test-retest intervals from 3 months to 4 years.
“the rank-order correlation of these discounting rates is comparable to other psychological traits across the 3-month to 4-year range of test-retest intervals explored thus far”
From Changing Delay Discounting and Impulsive Choice: Implications for Addictions, Prevention, and Human Health (2019) · cites this paper as Anokhin et al., 2015
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- Authors
- Anokhin, A. P., Golosheykin, S., & Mulligan, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Anokhin, Andrey P.
- ORCID
- Anokhin, Andrey P.
- Venue
- Behavioural Processes
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-02
- Volume
- 111
- Pages
- 55-59
- ISSN
- 0376-6357 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4306354
- OpenAlex
- W2058832430
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 2.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behavioural Processes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- delay discounting, test-retest reliability, adolescents, impulsivity, subjective value, delayed rewards, endophenotypes, addiction risk, decision-making, longitudinal stability, age differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Aging, Conditioning, Operant, Decision Making, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Reward, Reproducibility of Results, Cohort Studies, Delay Discounting
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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