The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 68 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Microfabrication of complex porous tissue engineering scaffolds using 3D projection stereolithography
Open accessAbstract
The success of tissue engineering will rely on the ability to generate complex, cell seeded three-dimensional (3D) structures. Therefore, methods that can be used to precisely engineer the architecture and topography of scaffolding materials will represent a critical aspect of functional tissue engineering. Previous approaches for 3D scaffold fabrication based on top-down and process driven methods are often not adequate to produce complex structures due to the lack of control on scaffold architecture, porosity, and cellular interactions. The proposed projection stereolithography (PSL) platform can be used to design intricate 3D tissue scaffolds that can be engineered to mimic the microarchitecture of tissues, based on computer aided design (CAD). The PSL system was developed, programmed and optimized to fabricate 3D scaffolds using gelatin methacrylate (GelMA). Variation of the structure and prepolymer concentration enabled tailoring the mechanical properties of the scaffolds. A dynamic cell seeding method was utilized to improve the coverage of the scaffold throughout its thickness. The results demonstrated that the interconnectivity of pores allowed for uniform human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) distribution and proliferation in the scaffolds, leading to high cell density and confluency at the end of the culture period. Moreover, immunohistochemistry results showed that cells seeded on the scaffold maintained their endothelial phenotype, demonstrating the biological functionality of the microfabricated GelMA scaffolds.
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“Results from 3D studies demonstrate that increasing the dimensionality of extracellular matrix (ECM) around cells from 2D to 3D can significantly impact cell proliferation, differentiation, mechano-responses, and cell survival (2,10,41).”
From Modeling physiological events in 2D vs. 3D cell culture (2017) · cites this paper as [41]
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Citations
Cites
Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification
Engler, A. J., Sen, S., Sweeney, H. L., & Discher, D. E. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.044 · Cited by 13,915
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Tissue Cells Feel and Respond to the Stiffness of Their Substrate
Discher, D. E., Janmey, P., & Wang, Y.-L. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1116995 · Cited by 6,382 · cited 1×
“Results obtained were found to be within a physiologic range (0e800 kPa) [65] and prepolymer concentration and scaffold geometry were shown to enable the tailoring of the mechanical properties of the hydrogels.”
BackgroundLutolf, M. P., & Hubbell, J. A. (2005) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt1055 · Cited by 4,551 · cited 1×
“One of the essential criteria to develop functional engineered tissues is to reproduce the 3D tissue architecture and provide a biologically relevant environment to the cells in order for them to maintain viability and to proliferate on the scaffolding material [20,54,55].”
BackgroundPorous scaffold design for tissue engineering
Hollister, S. J. (2005) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat1421 · Cited by 3,979 · cited 1×
“applications are designed to closely mimic the physiologic environment, including the geometrical, topographical and physical features of the targeted tissue [2,3].”
BackgroundTaking Cell-Matrix Adhesions to the Third Dimension
Cukierman, E., Pankov, R., Stevens, D. R., & Yamada, K. M. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1064829 · Cited by 3,027 · cited 1×
“The ability to fabricate three dimensional (3D) scaffolds having specifically designed microarchitecture reproducing the in vivo environment could elicit a physiologically relevant response and result into improved functionality of the tissue [4].”
BackgroundA review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering
Melchels, F. P. W., Feijén, J., & Grijpma, D. W. (2010) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.050 · Cited by 2,473
Cell-laden microengineered gelatin methacrylate hydrogels
Nichol, J. W., Koshy, S. T., Bae, H., Hwang, C. M., Yamanlar, S., & Khademhosseini, A. (2010) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.03.064 · Cited by 2,377 · cited 5×
“In the present study, a custom designed projection stereolithography (PSL) system was used to control the 3D microarchitecture of collagen-based gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels [21,43].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationElectrospinning of Collagen Nanofibers
Matthews, J. A., Wnek, G. E., Simpson, D. G., & Bowlin, G. L. (2002) · Biomacromolecules · doi:10.1021/bm015533u · Cited by 2,253 · cited 1×
“To produce microctructured scaffolds, multiple techniques such as solvent casting [9], particulate leaching [10,11], gas foaming [12], freeze drying [13] and more recently electrospinning [14] and laser sintering [15] have been developed.”
MethodMicroscale technologies for tissue engineering and biology
Khademhosseini, A., Langer, R., Borenstein, J. T., & Vacanti, J. P. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0507681102 · Cited by 1,553 · cited 2×
“Scaffold properties at the microscale are known to influence cell-ECM interactions and to dictate the mechanical properties and degradation behavior of a biomaterial [25].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
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Synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels
Yue, K., Trujillo-de Santiago, G., Alvarez, M. M., Tamayol, A., Annabi, N., & Khademhosseini, A. (2015) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.045 · Cited by 3,146
“reported the use of a custom designed projection stereolithography system to fabricate GelMA hydroge ls with tunable microarchitectures (Figure 2B) [41].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationModeling physiological events in 2D vs. 3D cell culture
Duval, K., Grover, H., Han, L.-H., Mou, Y., Pegoraro, A. F., Fredberg, J., & Chen, Z. (2017) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00036.2016 · Cited by 1,849
“mechano-responses, and cell survival (2, 10, 41).”
BackgroundBone tissue engineering using 3D printing
Bose, S., Vahabzadeh, S., & Bandyopadhyay, A. K. (2013) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2013.11.017 · Cited by 1,873
3D bioprinting for engineering complex tissues
Mandrycky, C., Wang, Z., Kim, K., & Kim, D. (2015) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.12.011 · Cited by 1,818
“(A) Schematic illustration of a stereolithography system (Gauvin et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRecent advances in 3D printing of biomaterials
Chia, H. N., & Wu, B. M. (2015) · Journal of Biological Engineering · doi:10.1186/s13036-015-0001-4 · Cited by 1,734
“Stiffer structures have been studied in vitro with mouse pre-osteoblasts [70], human umbilical vein endothelial cells [78], rat bone marrow cells [73], MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts [63,72,74], and human mesenchymal stem cells[71].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gauvin, R., Chen, Y.-C., Lee, J. W., Soman, P., Zorlutuna, P., Nichol, J. W., Bae, H., Chen, S., & Khademhosseini, A.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Ying-Chieh
- Chen, Shaochen
- Khademhosseini, Ali
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biomaterials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-05
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 3824-3834
- ISSN
- 0142-9612 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3766354
- OpenAlex
- W2164279637
- Cited by
- 641
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 22.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biomaterials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (HL099073, EB012597, HL092836)
- Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies
- National Science Foundation (DMR0847287)
- Office of Naval Research
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Keywords
- projection stereolithography, tissue engineering scaffolds, gelatin methacryloyl, 3D microfabrication, porous scaffolds, scaffold porosity, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, endothelial phenotype, scaffold mechanical properties, scaffold architecture
- MeSH terms
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Humans, Porosity, Microscopy, Confocal, Tissue Engineering, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Tissue Scaffolds, Microtechnology, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
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