Synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels
Open accessAbstract
Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels have been widely used for various biomedical applications due to their suitable biological properties and tunable physical characteristics. Three dimensional (3D) GelMA hydrogels closely resemble some essential properties of native extracellular matrix (ECM) due to the presence of cell-attaching and matrix metalloproteinase responsive peptide motifs, which allow cells to proliferate and spread in GelMA-based scaffolds. GelMA is also versatile from a processing perspective. It crosslinks when exposed to light irradiation to form hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties which mimic the native ECM. It can also be microfabricated using different methodologies including micromolding, photomasking, bioprinting, self-assembly, and microfluidic techniques to generate constructs with controlled architectures. Hybrid hydrogel systems can also be formed by mixing GelMA with nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide, and other polymers to form networks with desired combined properties and characteristics for specific biological applications. Recent research has demonstrated the proficiency of GelMA-based hydrogels in a wide range of applications including engineering of bone, cartilage, cardiac, and vascular tissues, among others. Other applications of GelMA hydrogels, besides tissue engineering, include fundamental single-single cell research, cell signaling, drug and gene delivery, and bio-sensing.
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Efforts to develop hydrogel-based inks or printing techniques to enhance 3D stability and shape fidelity include multimaterial inks, photo-crosslinkable hydrogels, viscosifiers, and sacrificial supporting materials.
“To this end, considerable efforts were made in developing hydrogel-based inks or printing techniques to enhance 3D stability and shape fidelity, such as printing multimaterial inks with combined nozzle system24, 25, photo-crosslinkable hydrogels17, 26, 27, adding viscosifiers28–30, or printing in sacrificial supporting materials31–33.”
From Fibre-infused gel scaffolds guide cardiomyocyte alignment in 3D-printed ventricles (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
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Fu, Y., Xu, K., Zheng, X., Giacomin, A. J., Mix, A. W., & Kao, W. J. (2011) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.09.031 · Cited by 178 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Hybrid hydrogels based on GelMA and synthetic polymers Several authors have reported the synthesis and cha racterization of hybrid hydrogels based on synthetic polymers and GelMA [6, 7, 94-96] .”
BackgroundMethodPorous Gelatin Hydrogels: 2. In Vitro Cell Interaction Study
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“Category Additional component Aim Cell type Tissue Reference CNTs and GO CNTs Reinforce GelMA hydrogels NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, human mesenchymal stem cells Connective tissue [70] CNTs Reinforce and enhance electric conductivity Neonatal rat ventricular CMs Cardiac [87] CNTs Tune electrical and mechanical properties C2C1…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMicrofluidic Spinning of Cell‐Responsive Grooved Microfibers
Shi, X., Ostrovidov, S., Zhao, Y., Liang, X., Kasuya, M., Kurihara, K., Nakajima, K., Bae, H., Wu, H., & Khademhosseini, A. (2015) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201404531 · Cited by 163 · cited 2× · see citing works
“generated GelMA fibers by injecting the pre-polym er solution into a cold solution to solidify the fibers first a nd then chemically crosslinked them using UV illumination [69].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationDigital micromirror device projection printing system for meniscus tissue engineering
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“Category Additional component Aim Cell type Tissue Reference CNTs and GO CNTs Reinforce GelMA hydrogels NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, human mesenchymal stem cells Connective tissue [70] CNTs Reinforce and enhance electric conductivity Neonatal rat ventricular CMs Cardiac [87] CNTs Tune electrical and mechanical properties C2C1…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialUse of the acyl azide method for cross‐linking collagen‐rich tissues such as pericardium
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BackgroundHydrogel Templates for Rapid Manufacturing of Bioactive Fibers and 3D Constructs
Tamayol, A., Najafabadi, A. H., Aliakbarian, B., Arab‐Tehrany, E., Akbari, M., Annabi, N., Juncker, D., & Khademhosseini, A. (2015) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201500492 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluence of thermal treatments on the structure and stability of gelatin gels
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Self-citationCrosslinking of dermal sheep collagen using hexamethylene diisocyanate
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BackgroundJeon, O., Wolfson, D. W., & Alsberg, E. (2015) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201405337 · Cited by 132 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, who dispersed drug-laden GelMA hydrogel droplets into an hMSC-laden bulk matrix composed of oxidized methacrylated alginate (OMA) [105].”
Hydrogel-coated microfluidic channels for cardiomyocyte culture
Annabi, N., Selimović, Š., Acevedo Cox, J. P., Ribas, J., Afshar Bakooshli, M., Heintze, D., Weiss, A. S., Cropek, D., & Khademhosseini, A. (2013) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c3lc50252j · Cited by 129 · cited 3× · see citing works
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Ahadian, S., Estili, M., Jayaraman, S. V., Ramón‐Azcón, J., Liang, X., Shiku, H., Ramalingam, M., Matsue, T., Sakka, Y., Bae, H., et al. (2015) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/c4nr07569b · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationPatterned Differentiation of Individual Embryoid Bodies in Spatially Organized 3D Hybrid Microgels
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“Category Additional component Aim Cell type Tissue Reference CNTs and GO CNTs Reinforce GelMA hydrogels NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, human mesenchymal stem cells Connective tissue [70] CNTs Reinforce and enhance electric conductivity Neonatal rat ventricular CMs Cardiac [87] CNTs Tune electrical and mechanical properties C2C1…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationFiber-reinforced hydrogel scaffolds for heart valve tissue engineering
Eslami, M., Vrana, N. E., Zorlutuna, P., Sant, S., Jung, S., Masoumi, N., Khavari‐Nejad, R. A., Javadi, G., & Khademhosseini, A. (2014) · Journal of Biomaterials Applications · doi:10.1177/0885328214530589 · Cited by 118 · cited 4× · see citing works
“To obtain hybrid scaffolds with enhanced mechanical properties, electrospun poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS)/ poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) microfiber scaffolds were integrated within a hybrid hydrogel made from HAMA-GelMA [100].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationAhadian, S., Ramón‐Azcón, J., Ostrovidov, S., Camci‐Unal, G., Hosseini, V., Kaji, H., Ino, K., Shiku, H., Khademhosseini, A., & Matsue, T. (2012) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c2lc40479f · Cited by 118 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The effect of electrical stimulation could be enhanced by incorporating the microgrooved GelMA hydrogels with an interdigitated array of platinum (Pt) electrodes [48].”
BackgroundSelf-citationInterface‐Directed Self‐Assembly of Cell‐Laden Microgels
Zamanian, B., Masaeli, M., Nichol, J. W., Khabiry, M., HANCOCK, M. J., Bae, H., & Khademhosseini, A. (2010) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.200902326 · Cited by 118 · cited 4× · see citing works
“[53] with permission from Wiley, copyright 2010.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationImpact of the biophysical features of a 3D gelatin microenvironment on glioblastoma malignancy
Pedrón, S., & Harley, B. A. C. (2013) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A · doi:10.1002/jbm.a.34637 · Cited by 113 · cited 1× · see citing works
“used PEG-GelMA-HAMA hydrogels as a model matrix t o mimic the glioma in order to study human glioblastoma mul tiforme (hGBM), the most common and aggressive form of brain cancer [98].”
MethodSAM-based cell transfer to photopatterned hydrogels for microengineering vascular-like structures
Sadr, N., Zhu, M., Osaki, T., Kakegawa, T., Yang, Y., Moretti, M., Fukuda, J., & Khademhosseini, A. (2011) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.06.034 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, H., Zhou, L., Liao, J., Tan, Y. C., Ouyang, K., Ning, C., Ni, G., & Tan, G. (2014) · Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10856-014-5261-x · Cited by 100 · cited 4× · see citing works
“HA methacrylate Tune physical properties HUVEC Card iovascular [88] Dextran glycidyl methacrylate Tune mechanical properties NIH-3T3 fibroblasts Connective tissue [86] Silk fibroin Tune mechanical properties NIH-3T3 fibroblasts Connective tissue [31] PMHMGCL/PCL Reinforce GelMA hydrogels Healthy human cartilage Cartil…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKang, H., Shih, Y. R. V., Hwang, Y., Wen, C., Rao, V., Seo, T., & Varghese, S. (2014) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2014.08.010 · Cited by 98 · cited 4× · see citing works
“GelMA hydrogel containing inorganic nanoparticles The addition of gold [77, 78] and other inorganic p articles [79, 80] has been used to”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMagnetic Levitational Assembly for Living Material Fabrication
Taşoğlu, S., Yu, C. H., Liaudanskaya, V., Güven, S., Migliaresi, C., & Demirci, U. (2015) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201500092 · Cited by 98 · cited 2× · see citing works
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BackgroundMethodBiomimetic mineralization of anionic gelatin hydrogels: effect of degree of methacrylation
Zhou, L., Tan, G., Tan, Y. C., Wang, H., Liao, J., & Ning, C. (2014) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c4ra02271h · Cited by 95 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Category Additional component Aim Cell type Tissue Reference CNTs and GO CNTs Reinforce GelMA hydrogels NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, human mesenchymal stem cells Connective tissue [70] CNTs Reinforce and enhance electric conductivity Neonatal rat ventricular CMs Cardiac [87] CNTs Tune electrical and mechanical properties C2C1…”
BackgroundInfluentialRelease of Magnetic Nanoparticles from Cell-Encapsulating Biodegradable Nanobiomaterials
Xu, F., İnci, F., Mullick, O., Gurkan, U. A., Sung, Y., Kavaz, D., Li, B., Denkbaş, E. B., & Demirci, U. (2012) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn300902w · Cited by 89 · cited 2× · see citing works
“accelerated rates, indicating the existence of MMPsensitive motifs in GelMA [30, 31].”
BackgroundSung, H., Hsu, H., Shih, C.-C., & Lin, D. S. (1996) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/0142-9612(96)87282-6 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Nemeth, C. L., Janebodin, K., Yuan, A. E., Dennis, J. E., Reyes, M., & Kim, D. (2014) · Tissue Engineering Part A · doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0614 · Cited by 83 · cited 4× · see citing works
“HA methacrylate Tune physical properties HUVEC Card iovascular [88] Dextran glycidyl methacrylate Tune mechanical properties NIH-3T3 fibroblasts Connective tissue [86] Silk fibroin Tune mechanical properties NIH-3T3 fibroblasts Connective tissue [31] PMHMGCL/PCL Reinforce GelMA hydrogels Healthy human cartilage Cartil…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSerafim, A., Ţucureanu, C., Petre, D.-G., Drăguşin, D. M., Sălăgeanu, A., Vlierberghe, S. V., Dubruel, P., & Stancu, I. (2014) · New Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c4nj00161c · Cited by 81 · cited 6× · see citing works
“characterized a family of hybrid hydrogels made from GelMA and polyacrylamide (PAA) by a simple “one-pot” synthesis using photopolymerization [17].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHjortnaes, J., Camci‐Unal, G., Hutcheson, J. D., Jung, S. M., Schöen, F. J., Kluin, J., Aikawa, E. R., & Khademhosseini, A. (2014) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.201400029 · Cited by 77 · cited 2× · see citing works
“[89] Hjortnaes J, Camci-Unal G, Hutcheson JD, Jung SM, Schoen FJ, Kluin J, et al.”
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“Category Additional component Aim Cell type Tissue Reference CNTs and GO CNTs Reinforce GelMA hydrogels NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, human mesenchymal stem cells Connective tissue [70] CNTs Reinforce and enhance electric conductivity Neonatal rat ventricular CMs Cardiac [87] CNTs Tune electrical and mechanical properties C2C1…”
BackgroundInfluentialAlge, D. L., & Anseth, K. S. (2013) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat3794 · Cited by 70 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In particular, hydrogels for biomedical applications are designed to resemble the characteristics of native extracellular matrix (ECM) and to provide three-dimensional (3D) supports for cellular growth and tissue formation [3].”
Levett, P. A., Melchels, F. P. W., Schrobback, K., Hutmacher, D. W., Malda, J., & Klein, T. J. (2013) · Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A · doi:10.1002/jbm.a.34924 · Cited by 69 · cited 1× · see citing works
“3F) [15,85,102].”
Gradient static-strain stimulation in a microfluidic chip for 3D cellular alignment
Hsieh, H.-Y., Camci‐Unal, G., Huang, T., Liao, R., Chen, T.-J., Paul, A., Tseng, F., & Khademhosseini, A. (2013) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c3lc50884f · Cited by 63 · cited 3× · see citing works
“This system provided a facile platform to investigate cellular behaviors (viabili ty, proliferation, and alignment) under a gradient of external compressive strain [59].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationII. ANTIGENICITY OF GELATIN IN RABBITS AND OTHER SPECIES
Maurer, P. H. (1954) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.100.5.515 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) mediated electrochemical DNA biosensor for DNA hybridization
Topkaya, S. N. (2014) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2014.09.060 · Cited by 59 · cited 2× · see citing works
“used GelMA hydrogels to fabricate a proof-of-principle e lectrochemical sensor for DNA hybridization (Figure 6C) [108].”
MethodHosseini, V., Kollmannsberger, P., Ahadian, S., Ostrovidov, S., Kaji, H., Viola Vogel, B., & Khademhosseini, A. (2014) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.201400263 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationPhoto‐crosslinkable hydrogel‐based 3D microfluidic culture device
Lee, Y., Lee, J. M., Bae, P. K., Chung, I. Y., Chung, B. G., & Chung, B. G. (2015) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.201400465 · Cited by 47 · cited 2× · see citing works
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BackgroundPiraino, F., Camci‐Unal, G., HANCOCK, M. J., Rasponi, M., & Khademhosseini, A. (2011) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c2lc20515g · Cited by 44 · cited 2× · see citing works
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BackgroundSelf-citationSurgical sealants and high strength adhesives
Kazemzadeh‐Narbat, M., Annabi, N., & Khademhosseini, A. (2015) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2015.02.012 · Cited by 43 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The design of smart GelMA-based hydrogelsdcapable of sealing (and even healing) surgical injuries [109], releasing oxygen (among other nutrients), or capturing and removing inhibitory cell byproductsdis a future direction for GelMA studies.”
Self-citationEffect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Rheological Properties of Gelatin Hydrogels
Vlierberghe, S. V., Dubruel, P., & Schacht, E. H. (2010) · Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers · doi:10.1177/0883911510377254 · Cited by 43 · cited 2× · see citing works
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BackgroundMethodCustomized cell microenvironments
West, J. L. (2011) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat3132 · Cited by 42 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Hydrogels have been also widely used in 3D culturing to study cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions, proliferation, migration [4], and controlled differentiation [5].”
MethodAnisotropic material synthesis by capillary flow in a fluid stripe
HANCOCK, M. J., Piraino, F., Camci‐Unal, G., Rasponi, M., & Khademhosseini, A. (2011) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.057 · Cited by 41 · cited 2× · see citing works
“reported a simple technique to generate concentra tion gradients in photocrosslinkable hydrogels (including GelMA hydro gels) over centimeter length scale [57].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationAhadian, S., Ramón‐Azcón, J., Estili, M., Obregón, R., Shiku, H., & Matsue, T. (2014) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2014.03.031 · Cited by 41 · cited 2× · see citing works
“[77] with permission from Elsevier, copyright 2014.”
MethodSingle neuron capture and axonal development in three-dimensional microscale hydrogels
Fan, Y., Xu, F., Huang, G., Lu, T. J., & Xing, W. (2012) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/c2lc40312a · Cited by 35 · cited 4× · see citing works
“demonstrated a two-step photopatterning process to fabricate spatially defined 3D microgels based on GelMA to capture single neuron at the designed site of the microconstructs [40].”
InfluentialBottom-up approach to build osteon-like structure by cell-laden photocrosslinkable hydrogel
Zuo, Y., Xiao, W., Chen, X., Tang, Y., Luo, H., & Fan, H. (2012) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c2cc16744a · Cited by 31 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In vitro tests showed that human osteosarcoma cells (MG63) and HUVEC cells, growing in different compartments of the constructs, expressed osteogenic and vasculogenic genes, respectively [101].”
Non‐Covalent Photo‐Patterning of Gelatin Matrices Using Caged Collagen Mimetic Peptides
Li, Y., San, B. H., Kessler, J. L., Kim, J. H., Xu, Q., Hanes, J. S., & Yu, S. M. (2014) · Macromolecular Bioscience · doi:10.1002/mabi.201400436 · Cited by 29 · cited 2× · see citing works
“presented a technique to micro-pattern GelMA hydrog els using a collagen mimetic peptide (GMP) that contains photo-labile nitrobenzyl groups [92].”
BackgroundMethodFathi, A., Lee, S., Breen, A., Shirazi, A. N., Valtchev, P., & Dehghani, F. (2014) · European Polymer Journal · doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.07.011 · Cited by 25 · cited 1× · see citing works
“PLEOF Enhance mechanical properties and degradation Human osteoblast cells Bone [96]”
Obregón, R., Ahadian, S., Ramón‐Azcón, J., Chen, L., Fujita, T., Shiku, H., Chen, M. W., & Matsue, T. (2013) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2013.06.020 · Cited by 24 · cited 3× · see citing works
“based on the cultured muscle tissue using a thin film of nanoporous gold [49].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA Janus-paper PDMS platform for air–liquid interface cell culture applications
Rahimi, R., Ochoa, M., Donaldson, A., Parupudi, T., Dokmeci, M. R., Khademhosseini, A., Ghaemmaghami, A. M., & Ziaie, B. (2015) · Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering · doi:10.1088/0960-1317/25/5/055015 · Cited by 19 · cited 1× · see citing works
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Self-citationDirect 3D bioprinting of perfusable vascular constructs using a blend bioink
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“Instead, we suggest using the term ‘gelatin methacryloyl’ to reflect the coexistence of both methacrylamide and methacrylate groups in GelMA 38 .”
MethodSelf-citation3D printing of hydrogels: Rational design strategies and emerging biomedical applications
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Gelatin-Methacryloyl Hydrogels: Towards Biofabrication-Based Tissue Repair
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A Review of 3D Printing Technologies for Soft Polymer Materials
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Lu, P., Ruan, D., Huang, M., Tian, M., Zhu, K., Gan, Z., & Xiao, Z. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01852-x · Cited by 726 · see citing works
3D Bioprinting for Tissue and Organ Fabrication
Zhang, Y. S., Yue, K., Aleman, J., Mollazadeh‐Moghaddam, K., Bakht, S. M., Yang, J., Jia, W., Dell’Erba, V., Assawes, P., Shin, S. R., et al. (2016) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-016-1612-8 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Self-citationHydrogel interfaces for merging humans and machines
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Cell-laden hydrogels for osteochondral and cartilage tissue engineering
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Digitally Tunable Microfluidic Bioprinting of Multilayered Cannular Tissues
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Self-citationBiomedical applications of gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels
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“GelMA was developed in 2000 by Van den Bulcke et al. [7] and has been optimized over two decades for more robust properties and applications [8] .”
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“At the same time, the synthesized GelMA and PEGDA can be photocrosslinked with photoinitiator LAP under UV light [33].”
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Progress in Gelatin as Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering
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“One interesting alternative consists of functionalizing and modifying gelatin with the methacryloyl group, which is able to crosslink gelatin amino acids in mild circumstances in terms of temperature and pH [58].”
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Gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel, from standardization, performance, to biomedical application
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A highly adhesive and naturally derived sealant
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Polymeric Systems for Bioprinting
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Self-citationNanoengineered Ionic–Covalent Entanglement (NICE) Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting
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Natural-Based Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications
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Advancing Frontiers in Bone Bioprinting
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Self-citation3D printing of complex GelMA-based scaffolds with nanoclay
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Synthesis and Characterization of Types A and B Gelatin Methacryloyl for Bioink Applications
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Injectable Hydrogels for Cardiac Tissue Engineering
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Stereolithography apparatus and digital light processing-based 3D bioprinting for tissue fabrication
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“GelMA is one of the most widely used biomaterial ink derived from the natural source, which is synthesized by conjugating methacryloyl groups to gelatin, the hydrolysis product from collagen.(61) The synthesis process of GelMA includes the direct reaction of gelatin with methacrylic anhydride to substitute amine and h…”
MethodAdditive Manufacturing of Precision Biomaterials
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Gelatin Methacryloyl‐Based Tactile Sensors for Medical Wearables
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Yue, K., Trujillo-de Santiago, G., Alvarez, M. M., Tamayol, A., Annabi, N., & Khademhosseini, A.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Annabi, Nasim
- Khademhosseini, Ali
- Venue
- Biomaterials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 73
- Pages
- 254-271
- ISSN
- 0142-9612 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4610009
- OpenAlex
- W1120477740
- Semantic Scholar
- db0131b27b7eaf183c929a73ccd69d06de5cc188
- Cited by
- 3,146
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 433 · 2025: 464 · 2024: 394 · 2023: 430 · 2022: 347 · 2021: 314 · 2020: 243 · 2019: 213 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 106 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomaterials (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- National Science Foundation (EFRI-1240443)
- IMMODGEL (602694)
- National Institutes of Health (EB012597, AR057837, DE021468, HL099073, AI105024, AR063745)
- Tecnológico de Monterrey
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, México-CONACyT (262130)
- CONACyT-Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (26048)
- MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI)
- Fundación México en Harvard
- CONACYT (234713)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Collagen: Extraction and Characterization
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Keywords
- gelatin methacryloyl, GelMA hydrogel, hydrogel synthesis, photopolymerization, extracellular matrix mimics, cell adhesion, tissue engineering scaffolds, bone tissue engineering, cartilage tissue engineering, cardiac tissue engineering, vascular tissue engineering, bioprinting, microfabrication, hybrid hydrogels, carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, drug delivery, gene delivery, biosensing
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biocompatible Materials, Extracellular Matrix, Gelatin, Graphite, Humans, Methacrylates, Oxides, Polymers, Hydrogels, Amino Acid Motifs, Tissue Engineering, Nanotubes, Carbon, Microfluidics, Cell Proliferation, Mice, Tissue Scaffolds
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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