The DOI matches its Crossref record; 251 of the 251 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Immune defence to invasive fungal infections: A comprehensive review
Open accessAbstract
The fungal infections are relatively common in humans that can range from common, mild superficial infections to life-threatening invasive infections. Most of the pathogenic fungi are opportunistic that cause disease under immunocompromised conditions such as HIV infection, cancer, chemotherapy, transplantation and immune suppressive drug users. Efficient detection and treatment of high-risk population remain the highest priority to avert most of the deaths. Majority of invasive infections are caused by Candida, Aspergillus and Cryptococcus species. Lack of effective vaccines, standardised diagnostic tools, efficient antifungal drugs and the emergence of drug-resistant species/strains pose a global threat to control Invasive fungal infections (IFI). A better understanding of the host immune response is one of the major approaches to developing new or improved antifungal strategies to control the IFIs. In this review, we have discussed pathogenesis of medically important fungi, fungal interaction with the host through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and the interplay of innate and adaptive immune cells in shaping host immunity to IFI. Further, we emphasized the role of memory cells by offering long-term protection in secondary or subsequent infections. Moreover, we depicted the role of unconventional innate-like immune cells in anti-fungal immunity. We also summarize the available information on the current vaccine strategies, genetic susceptibility to fungal infections, recent co-infections studies and the emergence of drug-resistance, a growing trend throughout the world. Finally, we emphasized the steps to be taken for the control of IFIs.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Myeloid-derived-suppressor cells as regulators of the immune system
Gabrilovich, D. I., & Nagaraj, S. (2009) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2506 · Cited by 6,753
Hidden Killers: Human Fungal Infections
Brown, G. D., Denning, D. W., Gow, N. A. R., Levitz, S. M., Netea, M. G., & White, T. C. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004404 · Cited by 4,284
Alternative activation of macrophages: mechanism and functions
Gordon, S., & Martinez, F. O. (2010) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.05.007 · Cited by 4,197
Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis: a Persistent Public Health Problem
Pfaller, M. A., & Diekema, D. J. (2007) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00029-06 · Cited by 4,174
Alternative Activation of Macrophages: An Immunologic Functional Perspective
Martinez, F. O., Helming, L., & Gordon, S. (2009) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132532 · Cited by 2,745
Perfect, J. R., Dismukes, W. E., Dromer, F., Goldman, D. L., Graybill, J. R., Hamill, R. J., Harrison, T. S., Larsen, R. A., Lortholary, O., Nguyen, M.-H., et al. (2010) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/649858 · Cited by 2,660
Nomenclature of monocytes and dendritic cells in blood
Ziegler-Heitbrock, L., Ancuta, P., Crowe, S., Dalod, M., Grau, V., Hart, D. N., Leenen, P. J. M., Liu, Y.-J., MacPherson, G., Randolph, G. J., et al. (2010) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2010-02-258558 · Cited by 2,436
Liang, S. C., Tan, X.-Y., Luxenberg, D. P., Karim, R., Dunussi-Joannopoulos, K., Collins, M., & Fouser, L. A. (2006) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20061308 · Cited by 2,330
Park, B. J., Wannemuehler, K. A., Marston, B. J., Govender, N., Pappas, P. G., & Chiller, T. M. (2009) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e328322ffac · Cited by 2,014
IL-21 initiates an alternative pathway to induce proinflammatory TH17 cells
Korn, T., Bettelli, E., Gao, W., Awasthi, A., Jäger, A., Strom, T. B., Oukka, M., & Kuchroo, V. K. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05970 · Cited by 1,848
Cited by
Development and research progress of anti-drug resistant fungal drugs
Cui, X., Wang, L., Lü, Y., & Yue, C. (2022) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2022.08.004 · Cited by 85
Is Candida albicans a contributor to cancer? A critical review based on the current evidence
Wang, X., Zhang, W., Wu, W., Wu, S., Young, A., & Yan, Z. (2023) · Microbiological Research · doi:10.1016/j.micres.2023.127370 · Cited by 44
Local antifungal immunity in the kidney in disseminated candidiasis
Jawale, C. V., & Biswas, P. S. (2021) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2021.04.005 · Cited by 25
Lv, Q., Yan, L., Wang, J., Feng, J., Gao, L., Qiu, L., Chao, W., Qin, Y.-L., & Jiang, Y. (2023) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.03209-22 · Cited by 12
“The relative expression of each gene was calculated by the threshold cycle (2) method.”
BackgroundMethodLuo, Q., He, X., Xu, J., Li, L., Zhao, L., & Mu, X. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-15186-3 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Pathakumari, B., Liang, G., & Liu, W.
- Venue
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-10
- Volume
- 130
- Pages
- 110550
- ISSN
- 0753-3322 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3046848773
- Cited by
- 264
- References
- 251
- FWCI
- 3.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Immune defence to invasive fungal infections: A comprehensive review. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110550
- The paper
- Pathakumari, B., Liang, G., & Liu, W. (2020). Immune defence to invasive fungal infections: A comprehensive review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110550
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
