Fluoxetine as an anti-inflammatory therapy in SARS-CoV-2 infection
Open accessAbstract
Hyperinflammatory response caused by infections such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) increases organ failure, intensive care unit admission, and mortality. Cytokine storm in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) drives this pattern of poor clinical outcomes and is dependent upon the activity of the transcription factor complex nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kappaB) and its downstream target gene interleukin 6 (IL6) which interacts with IL6 receptor (IL6R) and the IL6 signal transduction protein (IL6ST or gp130) to regulate intracellular inflammatory pathways. In this study, we compare transcriptomic signatures from a variety of drug-treated or genetically suppressed (i.e. knockdown) cell lines in order to identify a mechanism by which antidepressants such as fluoxetine demonstrate non-serotonergic, anti-inflammatory effects. Our results demonstrate a critical role for IL6ST and NF-kappaB Subunit 1 (NFKB1) in fluoxetine's ability to act as a potential therapy for hyperinflammatory states such as asthma, sepsis, and COVID-19.
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Taking fluoxetine lowers the risks of intubation and death by reducing the cytokine storm.
“Taking fluoxetine lowers the risks of intubation and death by reducing the “cytokine storm” [29,30].”
From Antimicrobial Properties of Antidepressants and Antipsychotics—Possibilities and Implications (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
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ALHarthi, S. S., Divakar, D. D., Alwahibi, A., & BinShabaib, M. S. (2022) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.103042 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Synaptic effects of interleukin-6 on human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons
Huang, Y., Michalski, C., Zhou, Y., Xu, C., Niu, W., Lucido, M. J., Wang, J., Feng, Y., Miller, A. H., & Wen, Z. (2026) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-025-02320-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Association of serotonin reuptake inhibitors with asthma control
Gajewski, A. J., Palka, J. M., Raitt, J. M., Agarwal, C. D., Khan, D. A., kao, C. H.-Y., & Brown, E. S. (2023) · Allergy and Asthma Proceedings · doi:10.2500/aap.2023.44.230043 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A whole genome atlas of 81 Psilocybe genomes as a resource for psilocybin production.
McKernan, K. J., Kane, L. T., Helbert, Y., Zhang, L., Houde, N., & McLaughlin, S. (2021) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.55301.2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Fluoxetine and Molnupiravir: A Synergistic Combination for COVID-19 Treatment?
Pashaei, Y. (2022) · Hospital Pharmacy · doi:10.1177/00185787211073465 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mueller, J. K., Ahrens, K. F., Bauer, M., Baune, B. T., Borgwardt, S., Deckert, J., Domschke, K., Ellwanger, R., Fallgatter, A. J., Frodl, T., et al. (2023) · Pharmacopsychiatry · doi:10.1055/a-2177-3056 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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ANTI-DEPRESSANTS AND COVID-19: A NEW RAY OF HOPE
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Screening of the FDA-approved drug library identifies CCL17 inhibitors that block arthritic pain
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Fluvoxamine and fluoxetine in the treatment of patients with the novel coronavirus infection
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Study on the network pharmacology of scorpion in the treatment of viral pneumonia
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Psychotropic Drugs: A Promising Non‐Antibiotic Agent to Combat Multi‐Drug‐Resistant Microorganisms
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- Authors
- Creeden, J. F., Imami, A. S., Eby, H. M., Gillman, C., Becker, K. N., Reigle, J., Andari, E., Pan, Z. K., O’Donovan, S. M., McCullumsmith, R. E., & McCullumsmith, C. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Toledo (US)
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- University of Toledo Medical Center (US)
- ProMedica (US)
- Corresponding author
- Creeden, Justin Fortune
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-06
- Volume
- 138
- Pages
- 111437
- ISSN
- 0753-3322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7904450
- OpenAlex
- W3129296070
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 16
- FWCI
- 4.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01 AG057598, R01 MH107487, R01 MH121102, DA 049417, H79-TI-081657)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 AG057598, R01 MH107487, R01 MH121102, DA 049417, H79-TI-081657)
- National Institute on Aging (R01 AG057598, R01 MH107487, R01 MH121102, DA 049417, H79-TI-081657)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (R01 AG057598, R01 MH107487, R01 MH121102, DA 049417, H79-TI-081657)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › NF-κB Signaling Pathways
- Keywords
- fluoxetine, anti-inflammatory activity, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, cytokine storm, hyperinflammation, NF-κB, NFKB1, interleukin-6, gp130, antidepressants, gene expression signatures, sepsis, asthma
- MeSH terms
- Cytokine Release Syndrome, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Fluoxetine, Humans, Cytokine Receptor gp130, NF-kappa B p50 Subunit
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