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Cited by 269COVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesCOVID-19 and Mental HealthTreatment of Major Depression

Association between antidepressant use and reduced risk of intubation or death in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: results from an observational study

Open access
Hoertel, Nicolas, Sánchez-Rico, Marina, Vernet, Raphaël, Beeker, Nathanaël, Jannot, Anne-Sophie, Neuraz, Antoine, Salamanca, Elisa, Paris, Nicolas +10 more·2021·Molecular Psychiatry
DOI 10.1038/s41380-021-01021-4

Published version of a preprint

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Abstract

A prior meta-analysis showed that antidepressant use in major depressive disorder was associated with reduced plasma levels of several pro-inflammatory mediators, which have been associated with severe COVID-19. Recent studies also suggest that several antidepressants may inhibit acid sphingomyelinase activity, which may prevent the infection of epithelial cells with SARS-CoV-2, and that the SSRI fluoxetine may exert in-vitro antiviral effects on SARS-CoV-2. We examined the potential usefulness of antidepressant use in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in an observational multicenter retrospective cohort study conducted at AP-HP Greater Paris University hospitals. Of 7230 adults hospitalized for COVID-19, 345 patients (4.8%) received an antidepressant within 48 h of hospital admission. The primary endpoint was a composite of intubation or death. We compared this endpoint between patients who received antidepressants and those who did not in time-to-event analyses adjusted for patient characteristics, clinical and biological markers of disease severity, and other psychotropic medications. The primary analysis was a multivariable Cox model with inverse probability weighting. This analysis showed a significant association between antidepressant use and reduced risk of intubation or death (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.43-0.73, p < 0.001). This association remained significant in multiple sensitivity analyses. Exploratory analyses suggest that this association was also significant for SSRI and non-SSRI antidepressants, and for fluoxetine, paroxetine, escitalopram, venlafaxine, and mirtazapine (all p < 0.05). These results suggest that antidepressant use could be associated with lower risk of death or intubation in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Double-blind controlled randomized clinical trials of antidepressant medications for COVID-19 are needed.

Integrity signals

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Crossref · 10.1038/s41380-021-01021-4

Cites

49 of 49 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 28 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Among adults hospitalized for COVID-19 in AP-HP hospitals, 345 of 7230 (4.8%) received an antidepressant within 48 hours of admission.

    “Of the remaining 7230 adult inpatients, 345 patients (4.8%) received an antidepressant within 48 h of hospital admission at a mean fluoxetine-equivalent dose of 21.6 mg (SD = 14.1) per day (Fig. 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    SSRI antidepressant use was associated with a lower risk of intubation or death (HR 0.51; 95% CI 0.316-0.72; p<0.001).

    “Following adjustments, the primary multivariable analyses with inverse probability weighting showed significant associations between use of any antidepressant (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.43-0.73,p < 0.001) (Fig. 2), SSRI antidepressants (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.316-0.72,p < 0.001), and non-SSRI antidepressants (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.45-0.93,p = 0.018) (Fig. 3) with reduced risk of intubation or death (Table 2)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In the primary multivariable Cox model with inverse probability weighting, any antidepressant use was associated with a lower risk of intubation or death (HR 0.56; 95% CI 0.43-0.73; p<0.001).

    “Following adjustments, the primary multivariable analyses with inverse probability weighting showed significant associations between use of any antidepressant (HR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.43-0.73,p < 0.001) (Fig. 2), SSRI antidepressants (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.316-0.72,p < 0.001), and non-SSRI antidepressants (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.45-0.93,p = 0.018) (Fig. 3) with reduced risk of intubation or death (Table 2)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The link between antidepressant use and the composite endpoint was seen only in patients who received an antidepressant during the visit, not in those who received it only within the 3 months before hospital admission.

    “Furthermore, our findings indicate that the association between antidepressant use and the endpoint was only observed for patients receiving an antidepressant during the visit and not in those who received it only within the 3 months before hospital admission.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    Hospitalized COVID-19 patients with psychiatric disorders had a higher likelihood of intubation or death.

    “We found that individuals with psychiatric disorders and hospitalized for COVID-19 would be at higher risk of intubation or death, in line with findings of recent studies [33,34].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [33] Wang QQ, Kaelber DC, Xu R, Volkow ND. COVID-19 risk and outcomes in patients with substance use disorders: analyses from electronic health records in the United States. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26:30–9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [34] Li L, Li F, Fortunati F, Krystal JH. Association of a prior psychiatric diagnosis with mortality among hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e2023282–e2023282. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. 16
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 22
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 3

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The composite endpoint of intubation or death occurred in 24.3% of patients receiving any antidepressant, 23.1% of those receiving SSRIs, and 26.0% of those receiving non-SSRI antidepressants, compared with 17.3% of non-exposed patients.

    “Among patients receiving any antidepressant, SSRIs, and non-SSRI antidepressants, the primary endpoint of intubation or death occurred respectively in 84 patients (24.3%), 45 patients (23.1%) and 39 patients (26.0%), while 1188 non-exposed patients (17.3%) had this outcome (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    When intubation and death were analyzed as separate endpoints, antidepressant use was significantly associated with lower risks of death and intubation.

    “When using intubation and death as separate endpoints, we found that antidepressant use was significantly associated with lower risks of death and intubation (Supplementary Table 22).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The study period was relatively short, from January 24 to April 1.

    “However, its length was relatively limited (i.e., from January 24th until April 1st) and our main results remained unchanged following additional adjustment for it (Supplementary Tables 242526).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Exposure to escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, venlafaxine, or mirtazapine was significantly associated with reduced risk of intubation or death (all p<0.05).

    “Finally, exposure to escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, venlafaxine or mirtazapine was significantly associated with reduced risk of intubation or death (all p < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    All baseline characteristics, when examined independently, were significantly associated with the composite endpoint.

    “All baseline characteristics, when examined independently, were significantly associated with the endpoint (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    The link between antidepressant use and intubation or death remained significant across multiple sensitivity analyses.

    “This association remained significant in multiple sensitivity analyses.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “Second, we performed sensitivity analyses that showed similar results.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Most associations observed between baseline characteristics and mortality or intubation were consistent with prior epidemiological studies.

    “However, most associations observed between baseline characteristics and mortality or intubation are in line with prior epidemiological studies [17,19].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [17] Williamson E, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran KJ, Bacon S, Bates C, Morton CE, et al. OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19-related hospital death in the linked electronic health records of 17 million adult NHS patients. MedRxiv. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.06.20092999. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395:1054–62. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Over a mean follow-up of 18.4 days, 1272 patients (18.1%) had a primary endpoint event by the data cutoff.

    “Over a mean follow-up of 18.4 days (SD = 27.2;median = 5 days; range: 1-117 days), 1272 patients (18.1%) had a primary end-point event at the time of data cutoff on May 20th.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    When diazepam was used as an active comparator, antidepressant use was significantly associated with reduced risk of intubation or death in crude analysis (HR 0.50; 95% CI 0.32-0.77; p=0.002) and main analysis (HR 0.47; 95% CI 0.25-0.88; p=0.018), as well as in sensitivity analyses.

    “When considering diazepam as an active comparator, we found that antidepressant use was significantly associated with reduced risk of intubation or death in the crude (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.32-0.77,p = 0.002) and in the main (HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.25-0.88,p = 0.018) analyses, as well as in sensitivity analyses (Supplementary Table 19).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Exposure to higher rather than lower doses of antidepressants was not significantly associated with the endpoint, except for tetracyclic antidepressants, for which higher doses were associated with an increased risk.

    “Exposure to higher rather than lower doses of antidepressants was not significantly associated with the endpoint, except for tetracyclic antidepressants, for which higher doses were associated with an increased risk (Supplementary Table 20).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In multivariable analysis, baseline characteristics remained significantly associated with the endpoint except current smoking, compassionate-use or clinical-trial medication, current mood or anxiety disorder, other current psychiatric disorder, mood stabilizer, and antipsychotic medication.

    “In the multivariable analysis, these associations remained significant, except for current smoking, any medication prescribed according to compassionate use or as part of a clinical trial, any current mood or anxiety disorder, any other current psychiatric disorder, any mood stabilizer medication, and any antipsychotic medication (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among non-SSRI antidepressants, no class was significantly associated with the endpoint except α2-antagonist antidepressants (HR 0.22; 95% CI 0.05-0.93; p=0.040).

    “Among non-SSRI antidepressants, there were no significant associations between the endpoint and exposures to each class of antidepressants, except for α2-antagonist antidepressants (HR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.05-0.93,p = 0.040) (Table 2; Fig. 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Residual analyses were performed to assess data fit, check assumptions including proportional hazards, and examine the influence of outliers.

    “For all associations, we performed residual analyses to assess the fit of the data, check assumptions, including proportional hazards assumptions, and examined the potential influence of outliers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase activity, including several SSRI and non-SSRI antidepressants, may prevent infection of epithelial cells with SARS-CoV-2.

    “Furthermore, a recent study [10] suggests that functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase activity (FIASMA), including several SSRI and non-SSRI antidepressants, may prevent the infection of epithelial cells with SARS-CoV-2 [11].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [10] Gulbins E, Palmada M, Reichel M, Lüth A, Böhmer C, Amato D, et al. Acid sphingomyelinase–ceramide system mediates effects of antidepressant drugs. Nat Med. 2013;19:934–8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11] Carpinteiro A, Edwards MJ, Hoffmann M, Kochs G, Gripp B, Weigang S, et al. Pharmacological inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase prevents uptake of SARS-CoV-2 by epithelial cells. Cell Reports Med. 2020;1:100142. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Univariate Cox regression models in matched analytic samples yielded similar results, except that the SNRI association was significant in both sensitivity analyses.

    “as did univariate Cox regression models in the matched analytic samples, except for the association between SNRI antidepressants and the endpoint, which was significant in both sensitivity analyses”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The criteria for deciding whether a COVID-19 patient should be hospitalized might have varied during the study period.

    “Fifth, the criteria used to determine whether a patient with COVID-19 should be hospitalized or not might have varied during the study period.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    In a subsample excluding patients receiving antipsychotic medication, antidepressant use was significantly associated with the endpoint.

    “and in a subsample of patients excluding those receiving an antipsychotic medication, who might be at increased risk for immune dysregulation linked to a psychotic disorder (Supplementary Table 16)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Fluvoxamine, an SSRI, sigma-1 receptor agonist and FIASMA, may prevent clinical deterioration in outpatients with acute COVID-19 compared to placebo.

    “Finally, a recent randomized trial suggests that fluvoxamine, a SSRI, sigma-1 receptor (S1R) agonist and FIASMA, may prevent clinical deterioration in outpatients with acute COVID-19 compared to placebo [13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Lenze EJ, Mattar C, Zorumski CF, Stevens A, Schweiger J, Nicol GE, et al. Fluvoxamine vs placebo and clinical deterioration in outpatients with symptomatic COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;324:2292–2300. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    For COVID-19, viral load is associated with worsening of symptoms.

    “for COVID-19, viral load is associated with the worsening of symptoms [6]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Liu Y, Yan L-M, Wan L, Xiang T-X, Le A, Liu J-M, et al. Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2020;20:656–7. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Prior studies suggest that several antidepressants may inhibit acid sphingomyelinase activity.

    “First, prior studies suggest that several antidepressants may inhibit acid sphingomyelinase activity [10], which may prevent the infection of epithelial cells with SARS-CoV-2 [11].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Gulbins E, Palmada M, Reichel M, Lüth A, Böhmer C, Amato D, et al. Acid sphingomyelinase–ceramide system mediates effects of antidepressant drugs. Nat Med. 2013;19:934–8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Electronic health records may contain inaccuracies, especially for hand-written medical prescriptions.

    “Other limitations include missing data for some baseline characteristic variables, including baseline clinical and biological markers of severity of COVID-19, which may be explained by the overwhelming of all hospital units during the COVID-19 peak incidence, and potential for inaccuracies in electronic health records in this context, especially for hand-written medical prescriptions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    In matched analytic samples, there were no significant differences in patient characteristics across exposures, except sex ratio differed for any antidepressant, non-SSRI antidepressants, and SNRI antidepressants.

    “In the matched analytic samples, there were no significant differences in patient characteristics across the different exposures, except for exposures to any antidepressant, non-SSRI antidepressants and SNRI antidepressants, for which sex ratio significantly differed (Supplementary Tables 345678910111213).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The missing baseline data may be explained by hospital units being overwhelmed during the COVID-19 peak.

    “Other limitations include missing data for some baseline characteristic variables, including baseline clinical and biological markers of severity of COVID-19, which may be explained by the overwhelming of all hospital units during the COVID-19 peak incidence, and potential for inaccuracies in electronic health records in this context, especially for hand-written medical prescriptions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Information on the reason for prescribing the antidepressant, duration and adherence to prescription, prescription records before admission, and date of COVID-19 symptom onset was unavailable.

    “Fourth, information on the reason for prescribing the antidepressant, the duration and adherence to its prescription, the prescription record of patients before the admission, and the date that COVID-19 symptoms appeared, was not available.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    In the full sample, antidepressant use and exposure to each antidepressant class and individual medication significantly differed according to most baseline characteristics, with exposed patients being older and having greater medical severity.

    “In the full sample, antidepressant use and exposure to each antidepressant class and each individual medication significantly differed according to most baseline characteristics.”
    • Also stated in: § Characteristics of the cohort · hedged
      “The direction of these associations indicated older age [mean age of patients exposed to antidepressants was 73.7 (SD = 15.8)years, whereas it was 56.8 (SD = 19.3)years in those who were not] and overall greater medical severity of patients who received antidepressants than those who did not.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Type I error inflation might have occurred in exploratory analyses because of multiple testing.

    “Third, inflation of type I error might have occurred in exploratory analyses due to multiple testing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    For matched analyses, one control per exposed case was selected a priori for any antidepressant and each class, and two controls per exposed case for individual antidepressant medications, based on the same variables used in the weighted and multivariable Cox analyses.

    “For these latter analyses, we decided a priori to select one control for each exposed case for exposures to any antidepressant and each class of antidepressants, and two controls for each exposed case for individual antidepressant medications, based on the same variables used for both the inverse-probability-weighted and the multivariable Cox regression analyses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Short-term use of low to moderate doses of antidepressants, particularly SSRIs, is generally well tolerated, including in older adults.

    “Short-term use of low to moderate doses of antidepressants, and particularly of SSRIs, is generally well tolerated [14], and notably in older adults [15][16][17].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [14] Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, Chaimani A, Atkinson LZ, Ogawa Y, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Focus. 2018;16:420–9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] Tham A, Jonsson U, Andersson G, Söderlund A, Allard P, Bertilsson G. Efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants in people aged 65 years or older with major depressive disorder–a systematic review and a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016;205:1–12. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [16] Krause M, Gutsmiedl K, Bighelli I, Schneider-Thoma J, Chaimani A, Leucht S. Efficacy and tolerability of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions in older patients with major depressive disorder: A systematic review, pairwise and network meta-analysis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019;29:1003–22. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The study followed the STROBE reporting recommendations.

    “We followed the recommendations of The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Initiative [32].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:573–7. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The SSRI fluoxetine may have in-vitro antiviral effects on SARS-CoV-2, although this effect was not observed for paroxetine and escitalopram.

    “A recent in-vitro study [12] also supports antiviral effects of the SSRI fluoxetine on SARS-CoV-2, although this effect was not observed for other SSRIs, including paroxetine and escitalopram.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Zimniak M, Kirschner L, Hilpert H, Seibel J, Bodem J. The serotonin reuptake inhibitor Fluoxetine inhibits SARS-CoV-2. BioRxiv. 2020. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.14.150490v2. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Despite the multicenter design, the results may not be generalizable to outpatients or other countries.

    “Finally, despite the multicenter design, our results may not be generalizable to outpatients and other countries.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Optimal matching was used to minimize the average absolute distance across clinical characteristics between exposed and non-exposed matched controls.

    “To reduce the effects of confounding, optimal matching was used in order to obtain the smallest average absolute distance across all clinical characteristics between exposed patients and non-exposed matched controls.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Statistical significance was fixed a priori at a two-sided p value below 0.05.

    “Statistical significance was fixed a priori at two-sided p value < 0.05.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Sensitivity analyses included multivariable Cox regression with the same covariates as the inverse-probability-weighted analyses and univariate Cox regression in matched analytic samples.

    “We conducted sensitivity analyses, including multivariable Cox regression models comprising as covariates the same variables as the inverse-probability-weighted analyses, and univariate Cox regression models in matched analytic samples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
34 of 34

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    At the time of the study, no clinical study had examined the potential usefulness of antidepressants in patients hospitalized for COVID-19.

    “To our knowledge, no clinical study has examined to date the potential usefulness of antidepressants in patients hospitalized for COVID-19.”
1 of 1

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • SSRI confidence-interval lower bound differs between results and table

    Minor

    The results give 0.316 as the lower bound of the SSRI hazard-ratio confidence interval, whereas Table 2 gives 0.36 for the same estimate.

  • Matched-sample size conflicts with the table's control count

    Minor

    Figure 2 describes a 1:1 matched sample of 648 patients, which would contain 324 controls. Table 2 instead reports 345 patients in the matched control group for any antidepressant use.

  • Percentage receiving multiple antidepressants is overstated

    Minor

    The 47 patients receiving at least two antidepressants represent 13.6% of the 345 exposed patients, not 15.8%.

    Reported 15.8 · recomputed 13.623188

3 of 3

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Authors
Hoertel, N., Sánchez-Rico, M., Vernet, R., Beeker, N., Jannot, A.-S., Neuraz, A., Salamanca, E., Paris, N., Daniel, C., Gramfort, A., Lemaitre, G., Bernaux, M., Bellamine, A., Lemogne, C., Airagnes, G., Burgun, A., Limosin, F., & On behalf of AP-HP / Universities / INSERM COVID-19 Research Collaboration and AP-HP COVID CDR Initiative
Affiliations
  • Inserm (FR)
  • Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (FR)
  • Hôpital Cochin (FR)
  • Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (FR)
  • Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique (FR)
Corresponding author
Hoertel, Nicolas
ORCID
Venue
Molecular Psychiatry
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2021-02-04
Volume
26
Issue
9
Pages
5199-5212
ISSN
  • 1359-4184 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-5578
DOI
10.1038/s41380-021-01021-4
OpenAlex
W3128622946
Semantic Scholar
a2067d6c851793d8f54fbca350ac5f77f6bd4f16
Cited by
269
References
47
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 6
FWCI
19.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Molecular Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • medRxiv (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion)
Funders
Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords
antidepressants, COVID-19 pandemic, intubation, mortality, hospitalized patients, major depressive disorder, fluoxetine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SARS-CoV-2, antiviral activity, pro-inflammatory mediators, mirtazapine, paroxetine, escitalopram, venlafaxine
MeSH terms
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Antidepressive Agents, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Intubation, Intratracheal, Retrospective Studies, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Observational Studies as Topic

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