The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 57 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Background Attentional control difficulties in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) might reflect poor working memory (WM) ability, especially because WM ability and attentional control rely on similar brain regions. The current study examined whether WM ability might explain group differences in brain activation between adults with ADHD and normal control subjects during attentional demand.Methods Participants were 20 adults with ADHD combined subtype with no comorbid psychiatric or learning disorders and 23 control subjects similar in age, IQ, and gender. The WM measures were obtained from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III and Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised. Brain activation was assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing a Color-Word Stroop task.Results Group differences in WM ability explained a portion of the activation in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which has been related to the creation and maintenance of an attentional set for task-relevant information. In addition, greater WM ability predicted increased activation of brain regions related to stimulus-driven attention and response selection processes in the ADHD group but not in the control group.Conclusions The inability to maintain an appropriate task set in young adults with combined type ADHD, associated with decreased activity in left DLPFC, might in part be due to poor WM ability. Furthermore, in individuals with ADHD, higher WM ability might relate to increased recruitment of stimulus-driven attention and response selection processes, perhaps as a compensatory strategy.
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29 Own result · 28 Not checked yet · 17 Own interpretation · 6 Own method · 2 No basis given · 1 Supported · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“In contrast, the group difference in the WM correlation was in the opposite direction within three other regions. These regions included ventromedial PFC (BA10), which has been implicated in “default mode” processing (38).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [38] Castellanos, 2008, Cingulate-precuneus interactions: a new locus of dysfunction in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Biol Psychiatry source
The citation is attached to the statement that ventromedial PFC is implicated in default-mode processing, not to the preceding claim about the direction of working-memory correlations. The Conclusions (page unavailable) identify medial ventral prefrontal cortex as a component of the default-mode network, and the Discussion (page unavailable) describes its connectivity with another default-mode component. (LLM, conf=0.91)
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“The event-related contrast of incongruent-NI yielded significantly greater activation for controls versus ADHD in right dACC.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
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“an unpaired samples t-test revealed that proportion RT interference scores [(mean RT for incongruent trials - mean RT for NI trials) / mean RT for NI trials] were reduced for the ADHD group relative to controls, t(41)=-2.329, p = .025.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavioral results
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“Instead, high WM individuals with ADHD deactivated this region in a transient manner for more-difficult incongruent trials relative to neutral trials (i.e., inc-NI contrast).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
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“After adding WM ability as a covariate, these effects remained significant (Table 3).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
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“Here, the correlation of WM ability with the C-N blocked contrast was significantly greater for the ADHD group than controls.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
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“These group differences were no longer significant after controlling for WM ability.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion
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“However, after controlling for WM ability, activation in right dACC no longer differed between the two groups.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
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“Controls did not show transient deactivation of this region, either related to WM ability or for the group on average.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
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“These relationships were especially evident during incongruent and congruent conditions, when task stimuli contain multiple stimulus dimensions and/or potential responses.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion
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“These differences in correlations, which were more evident during I and C blocks than N blocks, were observed in bilateral temporal lobe (BA22), bilateral precentral gyrus / premotor cortex (BA6), and right medial frontal gyrus / pre-SMA (BA6).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
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“This region did not show a group difference after WM ability was added as a covariate.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
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“This group difference was still significant after controlling for WM ability in a hierarchical regression, t(40)=-2.356, p = .023.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavioral results
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“an unpaired samples t-test conducted on proportion RT facilitation scores [(mean RT for NC trials - mean RT for congruent trials) / mean RT for NC trials] revealed significantly greater facilitation for the ADHD than control group, t(41)=2.385, p = .022.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavioral results
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“Although each group activated posterior DLPFC during all blocked conditions (19), activity was significantly greater for the control group than the ADHD group in the C and N blocks only (Table 3).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Banich, 2009, The neural basis of sustained and transient attentional Control in young adults with ADHD, Neuropsychologia source
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“When WM ability was added as a covariate, the posterior DLPFC region that showed a group difference was no longer statistically significant after controlling for multiple comparisons (Figure 1).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
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“The two groups also differed in precuneus activation for the blocked contrast of C-N.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
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“However, this relationship of WM ability with additional recruitment does not exist in the control group.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
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“The congruent-NC contrast yielded significantly greater activation for controls relative to the ADHD group in left angular gyrus and right DLPFC.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
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“This group difference remained significant after controlling for WM ability, t(40)=2.510, p = .016, using hierarchical regression with WM ability entered before the group factor.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavioral results
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“In several brain regions, the correlation of WM ability with blocked activity related to attentional control differed significantly between the two groups (Table 4).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
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“For between-block contrasts, the correlation with WM ability demonstrated group differences in right inferior parietal lobule (BA40).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
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“Second, in the current study, performance was affected in individuals with ADHD by task-irrelevant information during the congruent condition only.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion
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“The composite WM ability score from these four measures was significantly lower for ADHD individuals than controls, t(41) = -3.804, p=.0005.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavioral results
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“Namely, the correlation of WM ability with the incongruent-NI contrast was significantly more positive in the ADHD group than the control group in three prefrontal regions involved in top-down control (Table 4).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
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“Consistent with such an idea, Kane & Engle (2003) demonstrated that low WM ability results in greater interference on Stroop accuracy when blocks are mostly congruent compared to when blocks are mostly incongruent.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kane & Engle (2003) source
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“Furthermore, the ADHD group showed increased activation in linguistic regions such as the left temporal gyrus relative to controls, which suggests increased processing of the task-irrelevant word dimension.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Banich, 2009, The neural basis of sustained and transient attentional Control in young adults with ADHD, Neuropsychologia source
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In the paper
“In particular, we have posited that anterior regions of DLPFC are involved in selecting the task-relevant dimension of the stimulus, and that dACC is involved in selecting the response (23, 28).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Milham, 2005, Anterior cingulate cortex: An fMRI analysis of conflict specificity and functional differentiation, Hum Brain Mapp source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Milham, 2001, The relative involvement of anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex in attentional control depends on nature of conflict, Cogn Brain Res source
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In the paper
“Furthermore, poorer WM ability has been correlated with poorer performance on the Stroop color-word task (9, 10), a classic measure of attentional control (11).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Kane, 2003, Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference, J Exp Psychol Gen source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Stins, 2005, Response interference and working memory in 12-year-old children, Child Neuropsychol source
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In the paper
“Consequently, task set maintenance may be more contingent upon intrinsic WM ability during the congruent and neutral conditions compared to the incongruent condition.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
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In the paper
“Hence, the conflict present during incongruent trials may serve as a reminder to reactivate the correct task set of identifying the ink color (20-23).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Banich, 2009, Executive function: The search for an integrated account, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Botvinick, 2001, Conflict monitoring and cognitive control, Psychol Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [22] Brown, 2005, Learned predictions of error likelihood in the anterior cingulate cortex, Science source
- Not checked yetcites [23] Milham, 2005, Anterior cingulate cortex: An fMRI analysis of conflict specificity and functional differentiation, Hum Brain Mapp source
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In the paper
“These same regions show atypical functioning in individuals with ADHD (18).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Dickstein, 2006, The neural correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An ALE meta-analysis, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
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“We used a data set from our laboratory (see reference 19 for details) that demonstrated significant effects of ADHD on activation of attentional-control regions.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Banich, 2009, The neural basis of sustained and transient attentional Control in young adults with ADHD, Neuropsychologia source
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In the paper
“In particular, we have posited that anterior regions of DLPFC are involved in selecting the task-relevant dimension of the stimulus, and that dACC is involved in selecting the response (23, 28).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Milham, 2005, Anterior cingulate cortex: An fMRI analysis of conflict specificity and functional differentiation, Hum Brain Mapp source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Milham, 2001, The relative involvement of anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex in attentional control depends on nature of conflict, Cogn Brain Res source
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In the paper
“According to our Cascade-of-Control model (20), posterior regions of DLPFC implement a task set to exert top-down attentional control (24, 25).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Banich, 2009, Executive function: The search for an integrated account, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Banich, 2000, FMRI studies of Stroop tasks reveal unique roles of anterior and posterior brain systems in attentional selection, J Cogn Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [25] Milham, 2003, Competition for priority in processing increases prefrontal cortex's involvement in top-down control: An event-related fMRI study of the Stroop task, Cogn Brain Res source
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In the paper
“This means that between-group differences likely result from ADHD rather than other conditions that might influence WM and attentional control.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
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In the paper
“Meta-analyses of both the Stroop task (14,15) and WM tasks (16,17) have implicated bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), inferior parietal lobule, and precuneus.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Nee, 2007, Interference resolution: Insights from a meta-analysis of neuroimaging tasks, Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Neumann, 2008, Model-based clustering of meta-analytic functional imaging data, Hum Brain Mapp source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Owen, 2005, N-back working memory paradigm: A meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies, Hum Brain Mapp source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Wager, 2003, Neuroimaging studies of working memory: A meta-analysis, Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci source
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In the paper
“Of note, relative to controls, the ADHD group showed significant yet reduced DLPFC activation during three Stroop conditions (incongruent, congruent, neutral), suggesting that individuals with ADHD have reduced maintenance of the attentional set to the task-relevant ink color.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Banich, 2009, The neural basis of sustained and transient attentional Control in young adults with ADHD, Neuropsychologia source
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In the paper
“Thus, higher WM ability in individuals with ADHD may relate to increased transient recruitment of left PFC regions related to attentional control.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
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In the paper
“WM deficits might not affect attentional control adversely in individuals with ADHD when the task design or stimuli provide extrinsic reinforcement of the task set.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion
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In the paper
“The brain regions differentially related to WM ability in the ADHD group have been implicated in later-stage processes, such as stimulus-driven attention (41), and response selection (23).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Lahey, 2004, DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents, Am J Psychiatry
- Not checked yetcites [23] Milham, 2005, Anterior cingulate cortex: An fMRI analysis of conflict specificity and functional differentiation, Hum Brain Mapp source
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results suggest that WM ability can account for a portion of the effects of ADHD on attentional control.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“First, reduced active maintenance sometimes precedes increased activation of inhibitory mechanisms (13, 40), suggesting that inadequate task-set maintenance may increase subsequent interference.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Braver, 2007, Explaining the many varieties of working memory variation: Dual mechanisms of cognitive control
- Not checked yetcites [40] Corbetta, 2002, Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain, Nat Rev Neurosci source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, activation of dACC during response conflict is typically reduced in individuals with ADHD (19, 36).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] Banich, 2009, The neural basis of sustained and transient attentional Control in young adults with ADHD, Neuropsychologia source
- Not checked yetcites [36] Bush, 1999, Anterior cingulate cortex dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder revealed by fMRI and the Counting Stroop, Biol Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Altogether, these results suggest that, when there are two sources of color-related information, individuals in the ADHD group with high WM ability recruit additional attentional control processes.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Altogether, these results suggest that the relationships observed among attentional control, WM ability, and ADHD may depend upon factors that vary across situations.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results suggest that reduced WM associated with ADHD could give rise to group differences in attentional control during the Stroop color-word task.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavioral results
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Task-set maintenance does not explain the correlation of WM performance with facilitation in the ADHD group.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavioral results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reduced WM ability in individuals with ADHD relates to compromised performance and reduced activity in posterior DLPFC regions, which have been implicated in task-set maintenance.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is unclear whether reduced WM ability causes reduced task-set maintenance and increased task-irrelevant processing, or whether interference from task-irrelevant processing reduces task-set maintenance and WM ability. We suggest the former explanation for two reasons.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These results suggest that intrinsic WM ability affects attentional control less when task stimuli support task-set activation (20-23).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Banich, 2009, Executive function: The search for an integrated account, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Botvinick, 2001, Conflict monitoring and cognitive control, Psychol Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [22] Brown, 2005, Learned predictions of error likelihood in the anterior cingulate cortex, Science source
- Not checked yetcites [23] Milham, 2005, Anterior cingulate cortex: An fMRI analysis of conflict specificity and functional differentiation, Hum Brain Mapp source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In combination with the blocked analyses, this pattern is consistent with our hypothesis that group differences in WM ability are more related to sustained maintenance of the task set than to transient fluctuations in attentional control.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the reduction of the group difference in dACC may have arisen because individuals with ADHD independently show both dACC dysfunction and reduced WM ability.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, this pattern suggests that WM ability may mediate some of the group differences in brain activity related to the maintenance of a top-down attentional set in the Stroop task.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
- Probably not a substantial claim. 17
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Attentional control and WM rely on a common set of neural structures, many of which have been implicated as dysfunctional in ADHD.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [14] Nee, 2007, Interference resolution: Insights from a meta-analysis of neuroimaging tasks, Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Relation to Other Work” section reports that working-memory tasks implicate several frontal and parietal regions also found in the paper’s interference-task analysis, supporting overlap between working memory and attentional control. The passage does not address ADHD or establish that those regions are dysfunctional in people with ADHD. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked yetcites [15] Neumann, 2008, Model-based clustering of meta-analytic functional imaging data, Hum Brain Mapp source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Owen, 2005, N-back working memory paradigm: A meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies, Hum Brain Mapp source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Wager, 2003, Neuroimaging studies of working memory: A meta-analysis, Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [18] Dickstein, 2006, The neural correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An ALE meta-analysis, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The control group deactivated this region during task relative to rest (i.e., I, C, and N blocked contrasts), but the ADHD group did not show this sustained deactivation.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Again, this difference arose from a positive correlation in the ADHD group and a non-significant correlation in the control group.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The control group activated these regions, but the ADHD group did not.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increased WM ability was related to increased RT facilitation in the ADHD group, r(20)=.468, p = .038, but not for the control group, r(23)=.111, p > .60, suggesting that WM ability increased task-irrelevant processing in the ADHD group, but not in the control group.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavioral results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In each case, greater WM ability was associated with greater activation in the ADHD group, whereas in the control group, the relationship between WM ability and blocked activity was either negative (i.e. greater WM, less activity) or non-significant (cf. Figure 2).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The groups did not differ on accuracy interference scores, or on the correlation between WM ability and behavioral interference scores.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavioral results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistent with this, left DLPFC activity was reduced for the ADHD group versus controls during C and N blocks, but not during I blocks.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For response selection, attentional demands will be greater for incongruent than congruent and neutral trials, because the two sources of color information in incongruent trials relate to potential responses that conflict.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“A defining characteristic of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a difficulty in controlling, maintaining, and directing attention (1).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Groups did not differ in IQ, reading and spelling performance, or math performance, and were consistent in overall age.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Methods and Materials > Participants
plainn = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Others have argued that the demands of task set maintenance vary across different Stroop task conditions (9).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Kane, 2003, Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference, J Exp Psychol Gen source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, three individuals with ADHD were identified as outliers on WM measures. These individuals were excluded prior to subsequent analyses, to avoid spurious correlations between WM ability and brain activity.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Methods and Materials > Participants
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“To simultaneously increase our sensitivity and avoid spurious results, we constrained our search space to regions that have shown Stroop effects in previous studies conducted in our lab (23-25, 32, 33).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Methods and Materials > Statistical Analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Milham, 2005, Anterior cingulate cortex: An fMRI analysis of conflict specificity and functional differentiation, Hum Brain Mapp source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Banich, 2000, FMRI studies of Stroop tasks reveal unique roles of anterior and posterior brain systems in attentional selection, J Cogn Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [25] Milham, 2003, Competition for priority in processing increases prefrontal cortex's involvement in top-down control: An event-related fMRI study of the Stroop task, Cogn Brain Res source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Banich, 2001, Attentional selection and the processing of task-irrelevant information: Insights from fMRI examinations of the Stroop task, Prog Brain Res source
- Not checked yetcites [33] Liu, 2006, Functional dissociation of attentional selection within PFC: Response and non-response related aspects of attentional selection as ascertained by fMRI, Cereb Cortex source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As expected, however, the ADHD and control groups differed in the number of ADHD symptoms and impairment in real-world functioning (Table 1).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Methods and Materials > Participants
plainn = 20- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some theories suggest that reduced WM ability in individuals with ADHD contributes to their deficits in attentional control and executive function (5, 6).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Pennington, 1996, Executive functions and developmental psychopathology, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Rapport, 2008, Working memory deficits in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The contribution of central executive and subsystem processes, J Abnorm Child Psychol source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, ADHD affects executive function more widely, compromising processes such as response inhibition and planning (2).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Willcutt, 2005, Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review, Biol Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ADHD group was not comorbid for other psychiatric disorders or learning disabilities.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Indeed, lower WM ability in non-ADHD individuals is associated with poorer cognitive ability (7) and increased mind-wandering away from challenging activities in real-life settings (8).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Engle, 1999, Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach, J Exp Psychol Gen source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data from 5 individuals (4 ADHD, 1 control) were unusable due to excessive movement (i.e., greater than 2mm) during scanning.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Methods and Materials > Participants
plaindirectn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For selecting the task-relevant stimulus dimension, attentional demands will be less for neutral trials than for incongruent and congruent trials, when two sources of color information must be disambiguated (i.e., the ink color and the word identity; 23, 29).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Milham, 2005, Anterior cingulate cortex: An fMRI analysis of conflict specificity and functional differentiation, Hum Brain Mapp source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Posner, 1998, Executive attention: Conflict, target detection, and cognitive control
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In contrast, on congruent and neutral trials, the word name does not conflict with the ink color, resulting in no reminder of the need to identify the ink color (i.e., “goal neglect”; 9).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Kane, 2003, Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal neglect, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference, J Exp Psychol Gen source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This suggests that sustained deactivation of default mode is dysfunctional in individuals with ADHD (39), but high WM individuals with ADHD attempt to overcome this dysfunction by deactivating this region transiently.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Braver, 2009, Flexible neural mechanisms of cognitive control within human prefrontal cortex, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pattern was unexpected if interference (which is present in both incongruent and congruent conditions) reduces task-set maintenance.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pattern suggests that attentional control depended upon task-set maintenance during the C and N blocks, but not during the I blocks.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We used the AlphaSim algorithm within AFNI (34) to conduct Monte Carlo simulations to estimate cluster-wise false positive rates of alpha=.05 within this a priori search space.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Methods and Materials > Statistical Analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Ward
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Unlike other regions discussed above (e.g., DLPFC), dACC has not been not strongly implicated in WM function (17).”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Imaging results
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Wager, 2003, Neuroimaging studies of working memory: A meta-analysis, Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The Cascade-of-Control model (20) suggests that, when earlier-stage attentional control processes are ineffective, individuals direct performance using later-stage attentional control processes.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Banich, 2009, Executive function: The search for an integrated account, Curr Dir Psychol Sci source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regions were considered statistically significant, correcting for multiple comparisons, if they surpassed a voxelwise threshold of z=2.58 (one-tailed p = .005) and a cluster size of 69 voxels.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Methods and Materials > Statistical Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, WM ability in individuals with ADHD might relate to attentional control processes other than task-set maintenance, such as stimulus-driven attention and response selection.”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
No prior studies have directly examined how the neural substrates supporting both working memory and attentional control, namely DLPFC, might be altered in young adults with ADHD.
“Despite these similarities, no studies have investigated directly how the neural substrates that support both WM ability and attentional control, namely DLPFC, might be altered in young adults with ADHD.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Working memory networks maintain representations of task sets, producing a relationship between working memory ability and task-set maintenance.
“We propose that WM networks may maintain representations of task sets, resulting in a relationship between WM ability and task-set maintenance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Stroop task contains at least three levels of attentional demand: task-set selection and maintenance, task-relevant stimulus-dimension selection, and response selection.
“The Stroop task contains at least three levels of attentional demand: selection and maintenance of a task set for task-relevant information (i.e., attend to chromatic color), selection of the task-relevant stimulus dimension (i.e. the chromatic color blue, not the semantic meaning “RED”), and response selection (the response associated with blue versus with red).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Evidence indeed suggests that impairments in EF are related to deficits in attention, hyperactivity and impulsivity [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]”
In the citing paper
“The serious game is based on ADHD theories which argue that deficits in executive functioning are related to impulsivity, hyperactivity, and attention (69–77).”
From Serious Games for Mental Health: Are They Accessible, Feasible, and Effective? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as [72]
In the citing paper
“These are associated with altered patterns of activity in distinct brain networks: (i) attention and working memory, comprising the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex and temporal cortices (Burgess et al., 2010; Ehlis et al., 2008; Vance et al., 2007); (ii) executive functions and cognitive control (including feedback processing and response selection), comprising the dorsal, medial”
From Functional neuroimaging of visuospatial working memory tasks enables accurate detection of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Burgess et al., 2010
In the citing paper
“The MFG is believed to play an executive role in the visuospatial working memory network, and a primary role in volitional (top-down) allocation of attention (Burgess et al., 2010; Ehlis et al., 2008; Vance et al., 2007).”
From Functional neuroimaging of visuospatial working memory tasks enables accurate detection of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Burgess et al., 2010
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“r(20)=.468, p = .038”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavioral results
Reported p = .038 · recomputed p = .028
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“r(23)=.111, p > .60”
§ Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder > Results > Behavioral results
Reported p > .6 · recomputed p = .597
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upr(20) = 0.468reported p = .038 · recomputed p = .028
“r(20)=.468, p = .038”
- Doesn’t add upr(23) = 0.111reported p > .6 · recomputed p = .597
“r(23)=.111, p > .60”
- Consistentt(41) = -3.26reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .002
“t(41) = -3.260, p = .002”
- Consistentt(41) = -2.131reported p = .039 · recomputed p = .039
“t(41) = -2.131, p = .039”
- Consistentt(41) = -3.313reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .002
“t(41) = -3.313, p = .002”
- Consistentt(41) = -1.922reported p = .062 · recomputed p = .062
“t(41) = -1.922, p = .062”
- Consistentt(41) = -3.804reported p = .0005 · recomputed p < .001
“t(41) = -3.804, p = .0005”
- Consistentt(41) = 2.385reported p = .022 · recomputed p = .022
“t(41)=2.385, p = .022”
- Consistentt(40) = 2.51reported p = .016 · recomputed p = .016
“t(40)=2.510, p = .016”
- Consistentt(41) = -2.329reported p = .025 · recomputed p = .025
“t(41)=-2.329, p = .025”
- Consistentt(40) = -2.356reported p = .023 · recomputed p = .023
“t(40)=-2.356, p = .023”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions
Stroop, J. R. (1935) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0054651 · Cited by 18,622
Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain
Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn755 · Cited by 12,881
A default mode of brain function
Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.676 · Cited by 12,190
Conflict monitoring and cognitive control
Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.624 · Cited by 7,351
Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006 · Cited by 3,568
Self-citationN-back working memory paradigm: a meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies.
Owen, A. M., McMillan, K. M., Laird, A. R., & Bullmore, E. (2005) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20131 · Cited by 3,560
Executive functions and developmental psychopathology.
Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x · Cited by 3,150
Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach.
Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., & Conway, A. R. A. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.309 · Cited by 3,078
Peter, H., Penzel, T., Peter, J. H., & Peter, J. G. (2025) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65186-5_302294 · Cited by 2,278
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The variable nature of cognitive control: a dual mechanisms framework
Braver, T. S. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.12.010 · Cited by 2,482
Large-scale brain systems in ADHD: beyond the prefrontal–striatal model
Castellanos, F. X., & Proal, E. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.007 · Cited by 831
Hart, H., Radua, J., Nakao, T., Mataix-Cols, D., & Rubia, K. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277 · Cited by 764
Reaction time variability in ADHD: A meta-analytic review of 319 studies
Kofler, M. J., Rapport, M. D., Sarver, D. E., Raiker, J. S., Orban, S. A., Friedman, L. M., & Kolomeyer, E. G. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.06.001 · Cited by 648
Rapport, M. D., Orban, S. A., Kofler, M. J., & Friedman, L. M. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.08.005 · Cited by 517
Metadata
- Authors
- Burgess, G. C., Depue, B. E., Ruzic, L., Willcutt, E. G., Du, Y. P., & Banich, M. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- University of Colorado Denver (US)
- Corresponding author
- Burgess, Gregory C.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 632-640
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2953472
- OpenAlex
- W2089842948
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 8.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH70037, P50 MH079485)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, working memory, attentional control, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, Stroop task, task set maintenance, bottom-up attention, response selection, adult ADHD
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Reaction Time, Wechsler Scales, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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