Learned predictions of error likelihood in the anterior cingulate cortex

Brown, Joshua W.; Braver, Todd S.

doi:10.1126/science.1105783

Cited by 928Neural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeurobiology of Language and Bilingualism

Learned predictions of error likelihood in the anterior cingulate cortex

Brown, Joshua W., Braver, Todd S.·2005·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.1105783

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the related medial wall play a critical role in recruiting cognitive control. Although ACC exhibits selective error and conflict responses, it has been unclear how these develop and become context-specific. With use of a modified stop-signal task, we show from integrated computational neural modeling and neuroimaging studies that ACC learns to predict error likelihood in a given context, even for trials in which there is no error or response conflict. These results support a more general error-likelihood theory of ACC function based on reinforcement learning, of which conflict and error detection are special cases.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1126/science.1105783

Cites

25 of 25 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

On incongruent trials, the conflict between ink color and word serves as a reminder to reactivate the correct task set.
“Hence, the conflict present during incongruent trials may serve as a reminder to reactivate the correct task set of identifying the ink color (20-23).”
From Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [22]
Intrinsic working memory ability affects attentional control less when task stimuli support task-set activation.
“These results suggest that intrinsic WM ability affects attentional control less when task stimuli support task-set activation (20-23).”
From Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [22]

A neural substrate of prediction and reward
Schultz, W., Dayan, P., & Montague, P. R. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.275.5306.1593 · Cited by 9,388 · see citing works
Conflict monitoring and cognitive control
Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.624 · Cited by 7,351 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex
Bush, G., Luu, P., & Posner, M. I. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01483-2 · Cited by 6,259 · see citing works
The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity.
Holroyd, C. B., & Coles, M. G. H. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.4.679 · Cited by 4,027 · see citing works
Dissociating the Role of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal and Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Cognitive Control
MacDonald, A. W., Cohen, J. D., Stenger, V. A., & Carter, C. S. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.288.5472.1835 · Cited by 3,666 · see citing works
Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Error Detection, and the Online Monitoring of Performance
Carter, C. S., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Botvinick, M. M., Noll, D., & Cohen, J. D. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5364.747 · Cited by 3,273 · see citing works
Self-citation
The role of the medial frontal cortex in cognitive control
Ridderinkhof, K. R., Ullsperger, M., Crone, E. A., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1100301 · Cited by 2,974 · see citing works
Anterior Cingulate Conflict Monitoring and Adjustments in Control
Kerns, J. G., Cohen, J. D., MacDonald, A. W., Cho, R. Y., Stenger, V. A., & Carter, C. S. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1089910 · Cited by 2,891 · see citing works
On the ability to inhibit thought and action: a theory of an act of control
Logan, G. D., & Cowan, W. B. (1984) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.91.3.295 · Cited by 2,590 · see citing works
RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE STRENGTH OF RESPONSE AS A FUNCTION OF FREQUENCY OF REINFORCEMENT <sup>1,</sup> <sup>2</sup>
Herrnstein, R. J. (1961) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1961.4-267 · Cited by 2,281 · see citing works
Discrete coding of reward probability and uncertainty by dopamine neurons
Fiorillo, C. D., Tobler, P. N., & Schultz, W. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1077349 · Cited by 2,085 · see citing works
Conflict monitoring versus selection-for-action in anterior cingulate cortex
Botvinick, M., Nystrom, L. E., Fissell, K., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/46035 · Cited by 2,044 · see citing works
Temporal difference models and reward-related learning in the human brain
O'Doherty, J. P., Dayan, P., Friston, K., Critchley, H., & Dolan, R. J. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00169-7 · Cited by 1,522 · see citing works
Matching Behavior and the Representation of Value in the Parietal Cortex
Sugrue, L. P., Corrado, G. S., & Newsome, W. T. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1094765 · Cited by 1,030 · see citing works
Mapping motor inhibition: conjunctive brain activations across different versions of go/no-go and stop tasks
Rubia, K., Russell, T., Overmeyer, S., Brammer, M. J., Bullmore, E. T., Sharma, T., Simmons, A., Williams, S. C. R., Giampietro, V., Andrew, C. M., et al. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0685 · Cited by 999 · see citing works
Performance monitoring by the anterior cingulate cortex during saccade countermanding
Ito, S., Stuphorn, V., Brown, J. W., & Schall, J. D. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1087847 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Self-citation
Cortical remodelling induced by activity of ventral tegmental dopamine neurons
Bao, S., Chan, V. T., & Merzenich, M. M. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35083586 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex shows fMRI response to internal and external error signals
Holroyd, C. B., Nieuwenhuis, S., Yeung, N., Nystrom, L. E., Mars, R. B., COLES, M. G. H., & Cohen, J. D. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1238 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Performance monitoring by the supplementary eye field
Stuphorn, V., Taylor, T. L., & Schall, J. D. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35048576 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Monitoring and Control of Action by the Frontal Lobes
Schall, J. D., Stuphorn, V., & Brown, J. W. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00964-9 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Self-citation
How laminar frontal cortex and basal ganglia circuits interact to control planned and reactive saccades
Brown, J. W., Bullock, D. H., & Grossberg, S. (2003) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2003.08.006 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citation
"Where did I go wrong?" A psychophysiological analysis of error detection.
Bernstein, P. S., Scheffers, M. K., & COLES, M. G. H. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.21.6.1312 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Primate frontal cortex: effects of stimulus and movement
Boussaoud, D., & Wise, S. P. (1993) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00229651 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
A computational model of anterior cingulate function in speeded response tasks: Effects of frequency, sequence, and conflict
Jones, A. D., CHO, R. Y., Nystrom, L. E., COHEN, J. D., & Braver, T. S. (2002) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.2.4.300 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Relationship Between Cardiovascular Responses in the Laboratory and in the Field
Johnston, D. W., Anastasiades, P., & Wood, C. (1990) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb02175.x · Cited by 139 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition
Amodio, D. M., & Frith, C. D. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1884 · Cited by 3,782 · see citing works
The expected value of control: an integrative theory of anterior cingulate cortex function
Shenhav, A., Botvinick, M. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.007 · Cited by 2,321 · see citing works
On the relationship between emotion and cognition
Pessoa, L. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2317 · Cited by 2,350 · see citing works
Learning the value of information in an uncertain world
Behrens, T. E. J., Woolrich, M. W., Walton, M. E., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1954 · Cited by 2,053 · see citing works
Inhibition and impulsivity: behavioral and neural basis of response control
Bari, A., & Robbins, T. W. (2013) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.005 · Cited by 1,921 · see citing works
A Core System for the Implementation of Task Sets
Dosenbach, N. U. F., Visscher, K. M., Palmer, E. D., Miezin, F. M., Wenger, K. K., Kang, H. C., Burgund, E. D., Grimes, A. L., Schlaggar, B. L., & Petersen, S. E. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.031 · Cited by 1,772 · see citing works
The proactive brain: using analogies and associations to generate predictions
Bar, M. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.05.005 · Cited by 1,144 · see citing works
Conflict monitoring and decision making: Reconciling two perspectives on anterior cingulate function
BOTVINICK, M. M. (2007) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.7.4.356 · Cited by 1,117 · see citing works
Toward a rational and mechanistic account of mental effort
Shenhav, A., Musslick, S., Lieder, F., Kool, W., Griffiths, T. L., Cohen, J. D., & Botvinick, M. M. (2017) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031526 · Cited by 1,077 · see citing works
Anterior cingulate cortex and conflict detection: an update of theory and data
Carter, C. S., & van Veen, V. (2007) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.7.4.367 · Cited by 1,056 · see citing works
Medial prefrontal cortex as an action-outcome predictor
Alexander, W. H., & Brown, J. W. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2921 · Cited by 1,000 · see citing works
Self-citation
Optimal decision making and the anterior cingulate cortex
Kennerley, S. W., Walton, M. E., Behrens, T. E. J., Buckley, M. J., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1724 · Cited by 948 · see citing works
Emotion and the prefrontal cortex: an integrative review
Dixon, M. L., Thiruchselvam, R., Todd, R., & Christoff, K. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000096 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
Neurophysiology of performance monitoring and adaptive behavior
Ullsperger, M., Danielmeier, C., & Jocham, G. (2014) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00041.2012 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Dissociable Components of Error Processing: On the Functional Significance of the Pe Vis-à-vis the ERN/Ne
Overbeek, T. J. M., Nieuwenhuis, S., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2005) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803.19.4.319 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Motivation and cognitive control in the human prefrontal cortex
Kouneiher, F., Charron, S., & Koechlin, E. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2321 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
Bilingualism Tunes the Anterior Cingulate Cortex for Conflict Monitoring
Abutalebi, J., Della Rosa, P. A., Green, D. W., Hernandez, M., Scifo, P., Keim, R., Cappa, S. F., & Costa, A. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr287 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
A Meta-analysis of Executive Components of Working Memory
Nee, D. E., Brown, J. W., Askren, M. K., Berman, M. G., Demiralp, E., Krawitz, A., & Jonides, J. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs007 · Cited by 544 · see citing works
Self-citation
More attention must be paid: The neurobiology of attentional effort
Sarter, M., Gehring, W. J., & Kozak, R. (2006) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.11.002 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Altered Emotional Interference Processing in Affective and Cognitive-Control Brain Circuitry in Major Depression
Fales, C. L., Barch, D. M., Rundle, M. M., Mintun, M. A., Snyder, A. Z., Cohen, J. D., Mathews, J., & Sheline, Y. I. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.012 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Midcingulate cortex: Structure, connections, homologies, functions and diseases
Vogt, B. A. (2016) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.01.010 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Neural correlates of value, risk, and risk aversion contributing to decision making under risk
Christopoulos, G. I., Tobler, P. N., Bossaerts, P., Dolan, R. J., & Schultz, W. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2614-09.2009 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Human dorsal anterior cingulate cortex neurons mediate ongoing behavioural adaptation
Sheth, S. A., Mian, M. K., Patel, S. R., Asaad, W. F., Williams, Z. M., Dougherty, D. D., Bush, G., & Eskandar, E. N. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11239 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Efficacy and Safety of Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Prospective Multicenter Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial
Carmi, L., Tendler, A., Bystritsky, A., Hollander, E., Blumberger, D. M., Daskalakis, J., Ward, H., Lapidus, K., Goodman, W., Casuto, L., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18101180 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Making sense of all the conflict: A theoretical review and critique of conflict-related ERPs
Larson, M. J., Clayson, P. E., & Clawson, A. (2014) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.06.007 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Neurons in the frontal lobe encode the value of multiple decision variables
Kennerley, S. W., Dahmubed, A. F., Lara, A. H., & Wallis, J. D. (2009) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21100 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Annual Research Review: All mothers are not created equal: neural and psychobiological perspectives on mothering and the importance of individual differences
Barrett, J., & Fleming, A. S. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02306.x · Cited by 433 · see citing works
A neural reward prediction error revealed by a meta-analysis of ERPs using great grand averages
Sambrook, T. D., & Goslin, J. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000006 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Surprise Signals in Anterior Cingulate Cortex: Neuronal Encoding of Unsigned Reward Prediction Errors Driving Adjustment in Behavior
Hayden, B. Y., Heilbronner, S. R., Pearson, J. M., & Platt, M. L. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4652-10.2011 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Is there “one” DLPFC in cognitive action control? Evidence for heterogeneity from co-activation-based parcellation
Cieslik, E. C., Zilles, K., Caspers, S., Roski, C., Kellermann, T. S., Jakobs, O., Langner, R., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs256 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
“Given that only at the level of the 2-cluster solution, the ensuing regions showed significant differences in task-dependent and task-independent functional connectivity, we focused on this parcellation in the results and discussion.”
Background
Reward Reduces Conflict by Enhancing Attentional Control and Biasing Visual Cortical Processing
Padmala, S., & Pessoa, L. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00011 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Transient and linearly graded deactivation of the human default-mode network by a visual detection task
Singh, K. D., & Fawcett, I. P. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.051 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Dysfunctions of decision‐making and cognitive control as transdiagnostic mechanisms of mental disorders: advances, gaps, and needs in current research
Goschke, T. (2014) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1410 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Elevated prefrontal cortex γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate-glutamine levels in schizophrenia measured in vivo with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Mao, X. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1519 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Evidence accumulation and the moment of recognition: dissociating perceptual recognition processes using fMRI
Ploran, E. J., Nelson, S. M., Velanova, K., Donaldson, D. I., Petersen, S. E., & Wheeler, M. E. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3522-07.2007 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
“…making, including choice (Hampton and O’Doherty, 2007; Thielscher and Pessoa, 2007), error detection (Dehaene et al., 1994), error likelihood (Brown and Braver, 2005), reward evaluation (Rogers et al., 1999; Sanfey et al., 2003), attention for action (Posner et al., 1988; Posner and…”
Background
Maturational changes in anterior cingulate and frontoparietal recruitment support the development of error processing and inhibitory control.
Velanova, K., Wheeler, M. E., & Luna, B. (2008) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhn012 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Loss of imagery phenomenology with intact visuo-spatial task performance: a case of 'blind imagination'
Zeman, A. Z. J., Della Sala, S., Torrens, L. A., Gountouna, V.-E., McGonigle, D. J., & Logie, R. H. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.08.024 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
A neural network model of retrieval-induced forgetting
Norman, K. A., Newman, E. L., & Detre, G. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.887 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Reward circuitry function in autism during face anticipation and outcomes
Dichter, G. S., Richey, J. A., Rittenberg, A. M., Sabatino, A., & Bodfish, J. W. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1221-1 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Error awareness and the error-related negativity: evaluating the first decade of evidence
Wessel, J. R. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00088 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Cognitive control and attentional functions
Mackie, M.-A., Van Dam, N. T., & Fan, J. (2013) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2013.05.004 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Banishing the Control Homunculi in Studies of Action Control and Behavior Change
Verbruggen, F., McLaren, I. P. L., & Chambers, C. D. (2014) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614526414 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Remember the future II: Meta-analyses and functional overlap of working memory and delay discounting
Wesley, M. J., & Bickel, W. K. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.008 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Evaluating the negative or valuing the positive? Neural mechanisms supporting feedback-based learning across development
van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K., Zanolie, K., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., Raijmakers, M. E. J., & Crone, E. A. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1485-08.2008 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Computational Models of Performance Monitoring and Cognitive Control
Alexander, W. H., & Brown, J. W. (2010) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2010.01085.x · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Self-citation
Bayesian Prediction and Evaluation in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Ide, J. S., Shenoy, P., Yu, A. J., & Li, C.-S. R. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2201-12.2013 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
The “What” and “When” of Self-Initiated Movements
Hoffstaedter, F., Grefkes, C., Zilles, K., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr391 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Anterior cingulate is a source of valence-specific information about value and uncertainty
Monosov, I. E. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00072-y · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Computational Models of Anterior Cingulate Cortex: At the Crossroads between Prediction and Effort
Vassena, E., Holroyd, C. B., & Alexander, W. H. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00316 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
The neural basis of cognitive control: response selection and inhibition
Goghari, V. M., & MacDonald, A. W. (2009) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.04.004 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Error effects in anterior cingulate cortex reverse when error likelihood is high
Jessup, R. K., Busemeyer, J. R., & Brown, J. W. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4130-09.2010 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citation
Meta-analytic investigations of structural grey matter, executive domain-related functional activations, and white matter diffusivity in obsessive compulsive disorder: an integrative review
Eng, G. K., Sim, K., & Chen, S.-H. A. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.002 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Burgess, G. C., Depue, B. E., Ruzic, L., Willcutt, E. G., Du, Y. P., & Banich, M. T. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.036 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Impact of state anxiety on the interaction between threat monitoring and cognition
Choi, J. M., Padmala, S., & Pessoa, L. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.102 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Specificity of performance monitoring changes in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Endrass, T., & Ullsperger, M. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.024 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Functional heterogeneity of conflict, error, task-switching, and unexpectedness effects within medial prefrontal cortex
Nee, D. E., Kastner, S., & Brown, J. W. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.027 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citation
A psychological and neuroanatomical model of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Huey, E. D., Zahn, R., Krueger, F., Moll, J., Kapogiannis, D., Wassermann, E. M., & Grafman, J. (2008) · The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1176/jnp.2008.20.4.390 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Neurological correlates of reward responding in adolescents with and without externalizing behavior disorders
Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., Beauchaine, T. P., Shannon, K. E., Chipman, J., Fleming, A. P., Crowell, S. E., Liang, O., Johnson, L. C., & Aylward, E. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014378 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Fronto-striato-limbic hyperactivation in obsessive-compulsive disorder during individually tailored symptom provocation
Simon, D., Kaufmann, C., Müsch, K., Kischkel, E., & Kathmann, N. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.00980.x · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Adaptive effort investment in cognitive and physical tasks: A neurocomputational model
Verguts, T., Vassena, E., & Silvetti, M. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00057 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Predictive processing, source monitoring, and psychosis
Griffin, J. D., & Fletcher, P. C. (2017) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045145 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Anterior Cingulate Cortex and the Control of Dynamic Behavior in Primates
Monosov, I. E., Haber, S. N., Leuthardt, E. C., & Jezzini, A. (2020) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.009 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
ADHD and DCD: A relationship in need of research
Sergeant, J. A., Piek, J. P., & Oosterlaan, J. (2006) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2005.10.007 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
How prior expectations shape multisensory perception
Gau, R., & Noppeney, U. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.045 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Surprise, value and control in anterior cingulate cortex during speeded decision-making
Vassena, E., Deraeve, J., & Alexander, W. H. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0801-5 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Cognitive control under contingencies in anxious and depressed adolescents: an antisaccade task
Jazbec, S., McClure, E., Hardin, M., Pine, D. S., & Ernst, M. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.010 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Noradrenergic versus dopaminergic modulation of impulsivity, attention and monitoring behaviour in rats performing the stop-signal task: Possible relevance to ADHD
Bari, A., & Robbins, T. W. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3141-6 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Better than expected or as bad as you thought? The neurocognitive development of probabilistic feedback processing
van den Bos, W. (2009) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.09.052.2009 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Confidence and psychosis: a neuro-computational account of contingency learning disruption by NMDA blockade
Vinckier, F., Gaillard, R., Palminteri, S., Rigoux, L., Salvador, A., Fornito, A., Adapa, R., Krebs, M. O., Pessiglione, M., & Fletcher, P. C. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2015.73 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The Effect of Acute Tryptophan Depletion on the Neural Correlates of Emotional Processing in Healthy Volunteers
Roiser, J. P., Levy, J., Fromm, S. J., Wang, H., Hasler, G., Sahakian, B. J., & Drevets, W. C. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301581 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Common and distinct brain networks underlying panic and social anxiety disorders
Kim, Y.-K., & Yoon, H.-K. (2018) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.017 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Distinct Regions within Medial Prefrontal Cortex Process Pain and Cognition
Jahn, A., Nee, D. E., Alexander, W. H., & Brown, J. W. (2016) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2180-16.2016 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citation
MEG identifies dorsal medial brain activations during sleep
IOANNIDES, A., KOSTOPOULOS, G., LIU, L., & FENWICK, P. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.09.030 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Functional developmental changes underlying response inhibition and error-detection processes
Braet, W., Johnson, K. A., Tobin, C. T., Acheson, R., Bellgrove, M. A., Robertson, I. H., & Garavan, H. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.07.018 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Endogenous control and task representation: an fMRI study in algebraic problem-solving
Stocco, A., & Anderson, J. R. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20089 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Convolution models for induced electromagnetic responses
Litvak, V., Jha, A., Flandin, G., & Friston, K. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.09.014 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Surprise! A unifying model of dorsal anterior cingulate function?
Egner, T. (2011) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2932 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Menstrual cycle phase modulates cognitive control over male but not female stimuli
Roberts, G. M. P., Newell, F., Simões-Franklin, C., & Garavan, H. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.05.061 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
When the rules are reversed: action-monitoring consequences of reversing stimulus–response mappings
Schroder, H. S., Moran, T. P., Moser, J. S., & Altmann, E. M. (2012) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-012-0105-y · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Dissociating early and late error signals in perceptual recognition
Wheeler, M. E., Petersen, S. E., Nelson, S. M., Ploran, E. J., & Velanova, K. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20155 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Light through the fog: Using precision fMRI data to disentangle the neural substrates of cognitive control
Smith, D. M., Perez, D. C., Porter, A., Dworetsky, A., & Gratton, C. (2021) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.12.004 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Brain Potentials of Conflict and Error-Likelihood Following Errorful and Errorless Learning in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Hammer, A., Kordon, A., Heldmann, M., Zurowski, B., & Münte, T. F. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006553 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sensitivity to value-driven attention is predicted by how we learn from value
Jahfari, S., & Theeuwes, J. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1106-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Developmental changes in adolescents’ neural response to challenge
Strang, N. M., Pruessner, J., & Pollak, S. D. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.06.006 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Toward a more sophisticated response representation in theories of medial frontal performance monitoring: the effects of motor similarity and motor asymmetries
Hochman, E. Y., Orr, J. M., & Gehring, W. J. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs323 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Evidence accumulation and neural correlates of uncertainty in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Zhao, Y.-J., Zhang, Y., Wang, Q., Manssuer, L., Cui, H., Ding, Q., Sun, B., Liu, W., & Voon, V. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.05.011 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Decreased Conflict- and Error-Related Activity in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Subjects With Schizophrenia
Kerns, J. G., Cohen, J. D., MacDonald, A. W., Johnson, M. K., Stenger, V. A., Aizenstein, H., & Carter, C. S. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1833 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Error-related psychophysiology and negative affect
Hajcak, G., McDonald, N. M., & Simons, R. F. (2004) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2003.11.001 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Error processing and the rostral anterior cingulate: An event-related fMRI study
Kiehl, K. A., Liddle, P. F., & Hopfinger, J. B. (2000) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3720216 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
Anterior Cingulate Cortex Activity and Impaired Self-Monitoring of Performance in Patients With Schizophrenia: An Event-Related fMRI Study
Carter, C. S., MacDonald, A. W., Ross, L. L., & Stenger, V. A. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1423 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Error detection in patients with lesions to the medial prefrontal cortex: an ERP study
Stemmer, B., Segalowitz, S. J., Witzke, W., & Schönle, P. W. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(03)00121-0 · Cited by 165 · see citing works

Authors: Brown, J. W., & Braver, T. S.
Affiliations: Washington University in St. Louis (US)
Corresponding author: Brown, Joshua W.
ORCID: Brown, Joshua W.
Braver, Todd S.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 2005-02-18
Volume: 307
Issue: 5712
Pages: 1118-1121
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.1105783
OpenAlex: W2005391856
Cited by: 928
References: 25
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 57
FWCI: 30.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Keywords: anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, response conflict, cognitive control, reinforcement learning, stop-signal task, medial prefrontal cortex
MeSH terms: Brain Mapping, Cognition, Computer Simulation, Conflict, Psychological, Cues, Dopamine, Frontal Lobe, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Learning, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Neurological, Neurons, Probability Learning, Psychomotor Performance, Reinforcement, Psychology, Neural Networks, Computer

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Learned predictions of error likelihood in the anterior cingulate cortex

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks