Failure of Schizophrenia Patients to Overcome Salient Distractors During Working Memory Encoding
Open accessAbstract
Background Prior demonstrations of impaired attentional control in schizophrenia focused on conditions in which top-down control is needed to overcome prepotent response tendencies. Attentional control over stimulus processing has received little investigation. Here, we test whether attentional control is impaired during working memory encoding when salient distractors compete with less salient task-relevant stimuli.Methods Patients with schizophrenia (n = 28) and healthy control subjects (n = 25) performed a visuospatial working memory paradigm in which half of the to-be-encoded stimuli flickered to increase their salience. After a 2-second delay, stimuli reappeared and participants had to decide whether or not a probed item had shifted location.Results In the unbiased condition where flickering and nonflickering stimuli were equally likely to be probed, both groups displayed a trend toward better memory for the flickering items. In the flicker-bias condition in which the flickering stimuli were likely to be probed, both groups displayed a robust selection advantage for the flickering items. However, in the nonflicker-bias condition in which the nonflickering stimuli were likely to be probed, only healthy control subjects showed selection of the nonflickering items. Patients displayed a trend toward preferential memory for the flickering items, as in the unbiased condition.Conclusions Both groups were able to select salient over nonsalient stimuli, but patients with schizophrenia were unable to select nonsalient over salient stimuli, consistent with impairment in the effortful control of attention. These findings demonstrate the generality of top-down control failure in schizophrenia in the face of bottom-up competition from salient stimuli as with prepotent response tendencies.
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“At the time of testing, patients obtained a mean total score of 12.94 (SD 9.18) on the BPRS, 6.63 (SD 5.97) on the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) (Young, Biggs, Ziegler, & Meyer, 1978), and 11.81 (SD 7.82) on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) (Hamilton, 1960).”
MethodInfluentialImpaired Contingent Attentional Capture Predicts Reduced Working Memory Capacity in Schizophrenia
Mayer, J. S., Fukuda, K., Vogel, E. K., & Park, S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048586 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“This is consistent with a previous study showing that the ability to select relevant information for WM encoding is markedly reduced in patients when the distractors have strong competitive advantage over the targets [25].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialIntact and impaired cognitive-control processes in schizophrenia
Smith, E. E., Eich, T. S., Cebenoyan, D., & Malapani, C. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.022 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“In their tasks, participants were cued about which of the two locations was likely to contain a target object that required a response; patients with schizophrenia performed as well as HCs (for a qualification, see Hahn et al., 2010).”
Emotional prosody modulates attention in schizophrenia patients with hallucinations
Alba‐Ferrara, L., de Erausquin, G. A., Hirnstein, M., Weis, S., & Hausmann, M. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00059 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Control of working memory content in schizophrenia
Hahn, B., Hollingworth, A., Robinson, B. M., Kaiser, S. T., Leonard, C. J., Beck, V. M., Kappenman, E. S., Luck, S. J., & Gold, J. M. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.10.008 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Images of real-world objects were presented consecutively, and a tone cued the itemmost likely to be tested for memory.”
BackgroundSelf-citationWorking Memory in People with Schizophrenia
Gold, J. M., & Luck, S. J. (2022) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2022_381 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationAutism Tendencies and Psychosis Proneness Interactively Modulate Saliency Cost
Abu-Akel, A. M., Apperly, I. A., Wood, S. J., Hansen, P., & Mevorach, C. (2016) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw066 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Lee, J., & Green, M. F. (2016) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2016.06.005 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Flexibility in Attentional Control: Multiple Sources and Suppression.
Carlisle, N. B. (2019) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Examination of affective and cognitive interference in schizophrenia and relation to symptoms.
Martin, E. A., Becker, T. M., Cicero, D. C., & Kerns, J. G. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033956 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Abu-Akel, A. M., Apperly, I. A., Spaniol, M. M., Geng, J. J., & Mevorach, C. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26821-7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Callisto, S. P., Illamola, S. M., Birnbaum, A. K., Barkley, C. M., Bathena, S. P., Leppik, I. E., & Marino, S. E. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/jcph.1611 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Hahn, B., Robinson, B. M., Kiat, J. E., Geng, J. J., Bansal, S., Luck, S. J., & Gold, J. M. (2021) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab327 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationBinding Action and Emotion in First-Episode Schizophrenia
Ferri, F., Costantini, M., Salone, A., Ebisch, S. J. H., Berardis, D. D., Mazzola, V., Arciero, G., Ferro, F. M., Giannantonio, M. D., Romani, G. L., et al. (2014) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000366133 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Transdiagnostic comparison of visual working memory capacity in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Barnes-Scheufler, C. V., Passow, C., Rösler, L., Mayer, J. S., Oertel, V., Kittel‐Schneider, S., Matura, S., Reif, A., & Bittner, R. A. (2021) · International Journal of Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40345-020-00217-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cognitive Control in Schizophrenia
Barch, D. M., & Sheffield, J. M. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118920497.ch31 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Failures in top-down control in schizophrenia revealed by patterns of saccadic eye movements.
Bansal, S., Robinson, B. M., Leonard, C. J., Hahn, B., Luck, S. J., & Gold, J. M. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000442 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“(Hahn et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationZhao, Y., Ma, T., Ran, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, R., & Ku, Y. (2021) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009544 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“SZ patients are more likely to be distracted by task-irrelevant distractors [26–28] and environmental stimuli [29].”
Mayer, J. S., Kim, J., & Park, S. (2013) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2013.854199 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…in order to facilitate WM encoding adds to the growing body of evidence that top-down processes function abnormally in schizophrenia when visual inputs are selected for further perceptual (Fuller et al., 2006; Gold et al., 2007; Tanaka et al., 2007) and memory processing (Hahn et al., 2010).”
BackgroundTransdiagnostic neural markers of emotion–cognition interaction in psychotic disorders.
Sabharwal, A., Szekely, A., Kotov, R., Mukherjee, P., Leung, H., Barch, D. M., & Mohanty, A. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000196 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“This is consistent with studies showing greater interference from irrelevant but salient threatening or non-threatening stimuli in individuals with positive symptoms (Bentall & Kaney, 1989; Carter et al., 2011; Fear et al., 1996; Green et al., 2001; Hahn et al., 2010; Moritz & Laudan, 2007) and with imaging studies sh…”
BackgroundResultStäblein, M., Storchak, H., Ghinea, D., Kraft, D., Knöchel, C., Prvulovic, D., Bittner, R. A., Reif, A., & Oertel‐Knöchel, V. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171800051x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…domain of WM is particularly affected by this impairment (Lee & Park, 2005; Forbes et al. 2009; Hui et al. 2016; Stäblein et al. 2016) and evidence indicates that the process of encoding information into WM is inefficient in SCZ (Hahn et al. 2010; Mayer & Park, 2012; Mayer et al. 2014).”
Enhanced distraction by magnocellular salience signals in schizophrenia
Leonard, C. J., Robinson, B. M., Hahn, B., Gold, J. M., & Luck, S. J. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.02.011 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Consistent with this hypothesis, PSZ were worse than HCS at selectively encoding non-flickering, task-relevant objects into working memory in the presence of more salient flickering distractors (Hahn et al., 2010).”
Self-citationErickson, M. A., Hahn, B., Leonard, C. J., Robinson, B. M., Luck, S. J., & Gold, J. M. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2014.09.001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“One exception may be a failure to filter out extremely salient distractors (especially those that strongly activate the magnocellular pathway) during the encoding of low-salience target items (Hahn et al., 2010; Leonard et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAberrant Interference of Auditory Negative Words on Attention in Patients with Schizophrenia
Iwashiro, N., Yahata, N., Kawamuro, Y., Kasai, K., & Yamasue, H. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083201 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Another study demonstrated that patients with schizophrenia were unable to select nonsalient over salient visually presented stimuli [58].”
BackgroundIncreased Gamma Oscillations Evoked by Physically Salient Distracters are Associated with Schizotypy
Kornmayer, L., Leicht, G., & Mulert, C. (2014) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-014-0418-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“On the other hand, behavioral research on bottom-up perception in schizophrenia showed that salient stimulus features exert an increased effect of attentional capture on schizophrenia patients (Hahn et al. 2010).”
BackgroundGögler, N., Papazova, I., Oviedo-Salcedo, T., Filipova, N., Strube, W., Funk, J., Müller, H. J., Finke, K., & Hasan, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00259 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“There is evidence that patients with schizophrenia exhibit deficits in attentional selection when salient distractors compete for attentional selection (12).”
BackgroundOculomotor inhibition and location priming in schizophrenia.
Bansal, S., Gaspelin, N., Robinson, B. M., Hahn, B., Luck, S. J., & Gold, J. M. (2021) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000683 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationStäblein, M., Sieprath, L., Knöchel, C., Landertinger, A., Schmied, C., Ghinea, D., Mayer, J. S., Bittner, R. A., Reif, A., & Oertel‐Knöchel, V. (2016) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000267 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…Hartman, Steketee, Silva, Lanning, & McCann, 2003) and neuroimaging studies (Bittner et al., 2015; Haenschel et al., 2007; Schlösser et al., 2008) and are thought to be linked to dysfunctional attention processes (Hahn et al., 2010; Mayer, Fukuda, Vogel, & Park, 2012; Mayer, Kim, & Park, 2014).”
BackgroundGalizio, M., Deal, M., Mathews, M., Panoz‐Brown, D., Prichard, A., & Bruce, K. E. M. (2019) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2019.03.004 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Impaired retrieval processes evident during visual working memory in schizophrenia
Lynn, P. A., Kang, S. S., & Sponheim, S. R. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2016.07.002 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Hence, though PSZ are capable of successfully differentiating distracting stimuli when they are not overly salient (Erickson et al., 2015, 2014; Gold et al., 2006; Gray et al., 2014; Hahn et al., 2010), they do so less efficiently than healthy controls; such a result is consistentwith fMRI studies demonstrating ineffi…”
Mu, J., Ma, L., Ding, D., Ma, X., Li, P., Li, R., Zhang, M., & Liu, J. (2020) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-020-00376-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kornmayer, L., Leicht, G., & Mulert, C. (2016) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2016.1258491 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Behavioural research showed an increased effect of attentional capture of physically salient stimulus features in schizophrenia patients (Hahn et al. 2010).”
BackgroundThe dynamic process of hyperfocusing and hyperfiltering in schizophrenia
Li, J., Zhong, B., Zhou, D., Fu, Y., Huang, X., Chen, L., Liu, H., Zheng, J., Tang, E., Li, Y., et al. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00211-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Dienel, S. J., Wade, K., Fish, K. N., & Lewis, D. A. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.01.010 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mayer, J. S., Stäblein, M., Oertel‐Knöchel, V., & Fiebach, C. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00202 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Given that confident errors most likely represent failures of WM encoding, the increased rate of false memory errors observed in the present patient sample suggests that encoding failures contribute to the severe WM deficit in schizophrenia—a conclusion that provides converging evidence for results derived from clinic…”
BackgroundResultBesso, L., Larivière, S., Roes, M., Sanford, N., Percival, C. M., Damascelli, M., Momeni, A., Lavigne, K. M., Menon, M., Aleman, A., et al. (2024) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2024.111824 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“This suboptimal activation/deactivation is congruent with other tasks requiring suppression of non-targets (Hahn et al., 2010; Hepp et al., 1996; Hutton and Ettinger, 2006; Jimenez et al., 2016; Servan-Schreiber et al., 1996; Xia et al., 2020) and observations of impairments in latent inhibition in…”
ResultGotra, M. Y., Keedy, S., & Hill, S. K. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2021.11.028 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Gaze of Schizophrenia Patients Captured by Bottom-up Saliency
Adámek, P., Grygarová, D., Jajcay, L., Bakštein, E., Fürstová, P., Juríčková, V., Jonáš, J., Langová, V., Neskoroďana, I., Kesner, L., et al. (2024) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-024-00438-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“This con fi rms the previously reported tendency of SCHZ patients to focus their attention on physically salient stimuli 72,73 .”
BackgroundMechanisms Underlying Visuospatial Working Memory Impairments in Schizophrenia
Ichinose, M. C., & Park, S. (2019) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2019_99 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Using ERPs to explore the impact of affective distraction on working memory stages in schizophrenia
Okruszek, Ł., Jarkiewicz, M., Gola, M. K., Cella, M., & Łojek, E. (2018) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-0578-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Previous studies have shown that, depending on the timing of the distraction, different working memory-processes may be impacted (Hahn et al., 2010).”
Test-retest reliability of prepulse inhibition (PPI) and PPI correlation with working memory
Freudenberg, F., Althen, H., Falk, K., Bittner, R. A., Reif, A., & Plichta, M. M. (2022) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2022.19 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Abnormalities in Attention and Working Memory in Schizophrenia: The Hyperfocusing Hypothesis
Gold, J. M., & Luck, S. J. (2024) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214241286861 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“For example, if the distractors flick-ered or moved and the targets were stationary, PSZ had difficulty storing only the relevant information (Hahn et al., 2010).”
Self-citationLeicht, G., Rauh, J., Mußmann, M., Vauth, S., Steinmann, S., Haaf, M., Haenschel, C., & Mulert, C. (2025) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70216 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“WM deficits occurring in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia seem particularly to involve the encoding of information (Haenschel et al. 2007; Hahn et al. 2010; Mayer et al. 2014; Stablein et al. 2019).”
Barnes-Scheufler, C. V., Rösler, L., Schaum, M., Schiweck, C., Peters, B., Mayer, J. S., Reif, A., Wibral, M., & Bittner, R. A. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724000059 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Park, J., Kim, G.-W., Jeong, G., & Yang, J.-C. (2019) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2019.17.1.54 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Spatial and non-spatial feature binding impairments in visual working memory in schizophrenia
Belekou, A., Katshu, M. Z. U. H., Dundon, N. M., d’Avossa, G., & Smyrnis, N. (2023) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2023.100281 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Grave, J., Soares, S. C., Morais, S., Rodrigues, P., & Madeira, N. G. G. F. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.028 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
RetractedImpaired visuospatial working memory but preserved attentional control in bipolar disorder
Barnes-Scheufler, C. V., Rösler, L., Schiweck, C., Peters, B., Matura, S., Mayer, J. S., Kittel‐Schneider, S., Schaum, M., Reif, A., Wibral, M., et al. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725102328 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Both PSZ and PBD stored significantly less information across all conditions compared to HCS.”
InfluentialWhat Is Not Working in Working Memory?
MacDonald, A. W. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.005 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Task related stress and cognitive control in patients with schizophrenia
Zajenkowski, M., Styła, R., & Jędrasik-Styła, M. (2015) · Psychiatria Polska · doi:10.12740/pp/29056 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“[5], who noticed that distracting factors in schizophrenia may originate from sources outside the task, such as external or internal stimuli.”
BackgroundInfluentialUnexpected higher resilience to distraction during visual working memory in schizophrenia
Zhang, R., Zhao, Y.-J., Zhang, L., Ran, X., Ji, C., & Ku, Y. (2025) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-025-00631-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In contrast, when tested on highly demanding attentional tasks, SZ show de fi cits in suppressing salient distractors 29,30 .”
Schizophrenia and emotional rubbernecking
Eich, T. S., & Smith, E. E. (2013) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-013-0214-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Hahn et al. (2010), for example, showed that when salient (flickering) distractor items were introduced during the encoding phase of aWM task, PSZ showed attentional deficits, which led to impaired memory for less salient (nonflickering) target items.”
Anticevic, A., Krystal, J. H., & Barch, D. M. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139003872.013 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In fact, individuals with schizophrenia encoded items that co-occurred with salient distractors more robustly, whereas such distraction was successfully filtered by control participants (Hahn et al., 2010).”
BackgroundJian, L., Zhong, B., Zhou, D., Fu, Y., Huang, X., Chen, L., Liu, H., Zheng, J., Li, Y., Guan, C., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/vcbp9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Genetic and biological contributions to cognitive impairment
Harvey, P. D. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139003872.011
Unexpected higher resilience to distraction during visual working memory in schizophreniaPreprint
Zhao, Y., Ran, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, R., & Ku, Y. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/567859
Test-Retest reliability of prepulse inhibition (PPI) and PPI correlation with working memoryPreprint
Freudenberg, F., Althen, H., Falk, K., Bittner, R. A., Reif, A., & Plichta, M. M. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-429722/v1
“One hypothesis is that it is not WM capacity per se that is correlated with PPI, but more basal components that are prerequisite for successful WM processes, for example, vigilance and attentional focus (Scholes & MartinIverson, 2009; Hahn et al., 2010).”
BackgroundRecent Developments in Treating Cognitive Impairment Associated with SchizophreniaPreprint
Bittner, R. A., Barnes-Scheufler, C. V., Hettwer, M. D., Reif, A., & Qubad, M. (2021) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202105.0257.v1
Stäblein, M., Oertel‐Knöchel, V., Storchak, H., Ghinea, D., Kraft, D., Knöchel, C., & Reif, A. (2019) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.11.237
Test-Retest reliability of prepulse inhibition (PPI) and PPI correlation with working memoryPreprint
Freudenberg, F., Althen, H., Falk, K., Bittner, R. A., Reif, A., & Plichta, M. M. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-429722/v2
Unterdrückung von Störreizen als Schlüsselfunktion der Aufmerksamkeit: Aktuelle Einblicke und Trends
Wöstmann, M., & Röer, J. P. (2025) · Psychologische Rundschau · doi:10.1026/0033-3042/a000721
Maciaszek, J., Zimny, A., Podgórski, P., Machaj, W., Alejnikowa, J., Dybek, A., Błoch, M., & Misiak, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1717949
Barnes-Scheufler, C. V., Yalçın, M., Rösler, L., Schiweck, C., Shing, Y. L., Qubad, M., Reif, A., & Bittner, R. A. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9514584/v1
- Authors
- Hahn, B., Robinson, B. M., Kaiser, S. T., Harvey, A. N., Beck, V. M., Leonard, C. J., Kappenman, E. S., Luck, S. J., & Gold, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hahn, Britta
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-10
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 603-609
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2942999
- OpenAlex
- W2075177474
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 5.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH065034)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, attentional control, working memory encoding, salient distractors, top-down control, visuospatial working memory, stimulus salience, prepotent response
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Female, Flicker Fusion, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Space Perception, Statistics as Topic, Young Adult
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