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Morningness-eveningness, habitual sleep-wake variables and cortisol level
Abstract
The free cortisol rise immediately after awakening is a distinctive part of the cortisol circadian rhythm. Few studies have focused on the relationship between morningness and cortisol awakening response (CAR). As the suprachiasmatic nucleus may be of major importance for both, one may hypothesise that the CAR should also be associated with morningness. We used saliva samplings and applied questionnaires in adolescents and young adults. Saliva samplings were made at awakening (t1) and 30 min later (t2). Chronotype was measured using the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM), and habitual time in bed was calculated from habitual rise times and bed times. In both, the adolescent sample and the young adults, positive correlations existed between cortisol measures at t1 immediately after awakening and CSM scores. Using a multivariate model controlling for age group, smoking status and time of t1, we identified CSM scores and bed times as the most relevant variables for CAR. When comparing extreme chronotypes, morning types had higher cortisol levels immediately after awakening than evening types. These results strongly suggest an association between morningness-eveningness and CAR.
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“there is emerging evidence suggesting that the timing of dietary intake, so-called chrono-nutrition, may be influenced by an individual's chronotype (18–21).”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Adolescents with an evening chronotype experience greater shifts in timing of breakfast consumption between weekdays and weekends, with later awakening times during weekends corresponding to later breakfast consumption (20).”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Randler, C., & Schaal, S.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University of Education (DE)
- University of Bamberg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Randler, Christoph
- Venue
- Biological Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-09
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 14-18
- ISSN
- 0301-0511 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2046394338
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- chronotype, cortisol awakening response, diurnal cortisol rhythm, suprachiasmatic nucleus, time in bed, adolescents, young adults, salivary cortisol
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Retrospective Studies, Saliva, Sleep, Wakefulness, Young Adult
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