Day-to-day dynamics of experience–cortisol associations in a population-based sample of older adults
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In 156 older adults, day-to-day variations in cortisol diurnal rhythms were predicted from both prior-day and same-day experiences, to examine the temporal ordering of experience–cortisol associations in naturalistic environments. Diary reports of daily psychosocial, emotional, and physical states were completed at bedtime on each of three consecutive days. Salivary cortisol levels were measured at wakeup, 30 min after awakening, and at bedtime each day. Multilevel growth curve modeling was used to estimate diurnal cortisol profiles for each person each day. The parameters defining those profiles (wakeup level, diurnal slope, and cortisol awakening response) were predicted simultaneously from day-before and same-day experiences. Prior-day feelings of loneliness, sadness, threat, and lack of control were associated with a higher cortisol awakening response the next day, but morning awakening responses did not predict experiences of these states later the same day. Same-day, but not prior-day, feelings of tension and anger were associated with flatter diurnal cortisol rhythms, primarily because of their association with higher same-day evening cortisol levels. Although wakeup cortisol levels were not predicted by prior-day levels of fatigue and physical symptoms, low wakeup cortisol predicted higher levels of fatigue and physical symptoms later that day. Results are consistent with a dynamic and transactional function of cortisol as both a transducer of psychosocial and emotional experience into physiological activation and an influence on feelings of energy and physical well-being.
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The CAR serves to mobilize resources to meet the perceived demands of the upcoming day.
“current theory suggests that it serves to mobilize resources to meet the perceived demands of the upcoming day (e.g. Adam et al. 2006; Fries et al. 2009).”
From The cortisol awakening response predicts major depression: predictive stability over a 4-year follow-up and effect of depression history (2013) · cites this paper as Adam et al. 2006
Flattened diurnal cortisol slopes may serve as a marker of the day's levels of negative emotions such as tension and anger, leading to elevated evening cortisol levels.
“By contrast, flattened diurnal cortisol slopes may serve as a marker of the day’s levels of negative emotions such as tension and anger, leading to elevated evening cortisol levels (Adam et al. 2006).”
From The cortisol awakening response predicts major depression: predictive stability over a 4-year follow-up and effect of depression history (2013) · cites this paper as Adam et al. 2006
Current theory posits that the CAR functions to prepare the individual to rise to the expected demands of the upcoming day.
“Current theory posits that the CAR functions to prepare the individual to rise to the expected demands of the upcoming day (Adam et al. 2006; Fries et al. 2009); thus, the presence of the CAR can be seen as adaptive.”
From The cortisol awakening response predicts major depression: predictive stability over a 4-year follow-up and effect of depression history (2013) · cites this paper as Adam et al. 2006
Perceived social isolation predicts greater vascular resistance, higher blood pressure, morning cortisol rise, poorer sleep, and sedentary lifestyles beyond what objective isolation predicts.
“Beyond what is predicted by objective isolation, perceived isolation predicts greater vascular resistance,26 elevated blood pressure,27,28 morning rise in cortisol,29 less salubrious sleep,28,30 and sedentary lifestyles.31”
From Social isolation (2011) · cites this paper as [29]
Together with evidence of increased HPA axis activity, these findings suggest glucocorticoid resistance develops in chronically isolated individuals.
“Together with evidence of increased activity of the HPA axis,29,34 these results suggest the development of glucocorticoid resistance in individuals who feel chronically isolated.”
From Social isolation (2011) · cites this paper as [29]
High self-reported loneliness in humans is associated with elevated daily cortisol output and a flatter diurnal cortisol rhythm, suggesting poor HPA regulation.
“high self-reported loneliness in humans has been associated with elevated daily cortisol output62–66 and a flattening of diurnal cortisol rhythm65, suggesting poor regulation of the HPA axis67.”
From Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
Subjective or perceived isolation is a stronger predictor of poor health and emotional state in humans than objective isolation.
“There is mounting support for the notion that subjective or “perceived” isolation (the quality of social relationships) is a stronger predictor of poor health and emotional state in humans than objective isolation (the number/frequency of social contacts)11,62,146.”
From Neural mechanisms of social homeostasis (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
In humans, perceived social isolation predicts a poor outcome in numerous physical and mental health-related measures, entirely independent of the level of objective isolation.
“In humans, perceived social isolation predicts a poor outcome in numerous physical and mental health-related measures, entirely independent of the level of objective isolation (Adam et al., 2006, Cacioppo et al., 2006, Hawkley et al., 2006, Wen et al., 2006).”
From Dorsal raphe dopamine neurons represent the experience of social isolation (2016) · cites this paper as Adam et al., 2006
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- Authors
- Adam, E. K., Hawkley, L. C., Kudielka, B. M., & Cacioppo, J. T.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Universität Trier (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Adam, Emma K.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2006-11-07
- Volume
- 103
- Issue
- 45
- Pages
- 17058-17063
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC1636578
- OpenAlex
- W2162066293
- Cited by
- 782
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 8.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- John Templeton Foundation
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- National Institute on Aging (P01 AG1891)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- salivary cortisol, diurnal cortisol rhythm, cortisol awakening response, older adults, psychosocial experiences, emotional experience, loneliness, sadness, threats, lack of control, tension, anger, fatigue, somatic symptoms, transactional model, diurnal variation
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Circadian Rhythm, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Saliva, Social Environment, Multivariate Analysis
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