Spirulina cultivated under different light emitting diodes: Enhanced cell growth and phycocyanin production
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This study evaluated light emitting diodes (LEDs) as a light source in Spirulina sp. LEB 18 cultures in terms of growth parameters and biomass composition. Different photoperiods (partial and integral) and colors (blue, green, red and white) were assessed. Blue, green, red and white LEDs increased biomass productivity and maximum specific growth rate of such cultivations. The maximum biomass concentration (1.77 ± 0.02 g L-1) was obtained when red LEDs in integral light photoperiod were applied to cultivations. The biomass composition showed around 12.8% carbohydrates (w w-1), 57.4% proteins (w w-1) and 12.7% lipids (w w-1). The major fatty acids produced during cultivations were palmitic, linoleic and γ-linolenic. Green LEDs in partial light photoperiod promoted a higher concentration of phycocyanin (126.39 mg g biomass-1). The potential of LEDs as an energy source in Spirulina sp. LEB 18 cultures was demonstrated by the biomass and bioproducts photostimulation.
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Considering a biomass density of 1.77 ± 0.02 g/L achieved by da Fontoura Prates et al., the total calculated size of the necessary reactor would be around 4875 L.
“Considering the biomass density of 1.77 ± 0.02 g/L achieved in the experiments done by da Fontoura Prates et al. when they tested different wavelengths of light on Spirulina, the total calculated size of the necessary reactor would be around 4875 L, conserving mass and volume [53].”
From Biologically-Based and Physiochemical Life Support and In Situ Resource Utilization for Exploration of the Solar System—Reviewing the Current State and Defining Future Development Needs (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
Section 3.1 (page unavailable) reports that the highest biomass concentration occurred under red LEDs with an integral light photoperiod, supporting the attribution to Prates et al.’s experiments. The numerical value 1.77 ± 0.02 g/L appears in the abstract, but the available non-abstract passages do not establish it. The 4875 L reactor size is the citing authors’ calculation, not a result attributed to Prates et al. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGreen light stimulated the highest phycocyanin concentration at 2.8 times the control, and green, red, and white LEDs stimulated increases in fatty acid concentrations.
“Other minor notes, green light stimulated the highest phycocyanin concentration at 2.8 times the control, and green, red, and white LEDs stimulated increases in fatty acid concentrations [53].”
From Biologically-Based and Physiochemical Life Support and In Situ Resource Utilization for Exploration of the Solar System—Reviewing the Current State and Defining Future Development Needs (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
The Conclusion (page unavailable) reports that green LEDs under a partial-light photoperiod produced the highest phycocyanin concentration, about 2.8 times the fluorescent-light control. Section 3.2.1 reports higher lipid concentrations under green, red, and white LEDs, but that is not the same as an increase in fatty acid concentrations; Section 3.2.2 says the proportions of the major fatty acids did not differ significantly from the control. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSpirulina grown under red light exposed integrally exhibited a growth rate twice that of the control under full fluorescent light, leading to a culture density of 1.77 ± 0.02 g/L.
“Results indicated that when grown under red light exposed integrally, the cyanobacteria exhibited a growth rate twice that of the control under full fluorescent light, leading to a culture density of 1.77 ± 0.02 g/L [53].”
From Biologically-Based and Physiochemical Life Support and In Situ Resource Utilization for Exploration of the Solar System—Reviewing the Current State and Defining Future Development Needs (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
Section 3.1 (Growth parameters; page unavailable) says biomass concentration under integral red-LED illumination was about twice that of the fluorescent-light control. The Abstract gives that concentration as 1.77 ± 0.02 g/L. The source reports a higher growth rate than the control, but the twofold comparison refers to biomass concentration, not growth rate. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Prates, D. D. F., Radmann, E. M., Duarte, J. H., Morais, M. G. D., & Costa, J. A. V.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Costa, Jorge Alberto Vieira
- ORCID
- Venue
- Bioresource Technology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-05
- Volume
- 256
- Pages
- 38-43
- ISSN
- 0960-8524 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2790470672
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 2.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Bioresource Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- CAPES
- CNPq
- MCTIC
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Light effects on plants
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
- Keywords
- Spirulina, light-emitting diodes, photoperiod, LED color, phycocyanin production, microalgae cultivation, biomass productivity, specific growth rate, fatty acid composition, gamma-linolenic acid, photostimulation, blue light, green light, red light
- MeSH terms
- Light, Photosynthesis, Phycocyanin, Biomass, Spirulina
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