A two-node mechanistic thermophysiological model for pigs reared in hot climates – Part 2: Model performance assessments

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The three thresholds employed in Eqs. (9) and (11) were set arbitrarily in the study by Fialho et al. (2004).

“In addition, it should be noted that the three thresholds employed in Eqs. (9) and (11) were set arbitrarily in the study by Fialho et al. (2004).”

• cites Fialho et al. (2004) sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

A relatively large variation of skin temperature existed in both Experiment A and B, while the variation of the measured rectal temperature was only noticed at high ambient temperature.

“It was seen that a relatively large variation of skin temperature existed in both Experiment A and B, while the variation of the measured rectal temperature was only noticed at high ambient temperature.”

May combine two claims.

The MAPE was lower than 1.00% to predict rectal temperature and was not larger than 4.00% to predict the skin surface temperature.

“The results showed that the MAPE was lower than 1.00% to predict rectal temperature and was not larger than 4.00% to predict the skin surface temperature.”

May combine two claims.

In most cases, reasonable agreements were achieved and the deviations of the temperature difference from the body core to skin surface were mostly ≤1 C.

“In most cases, reasonable agreements were achieved and the deviations of the temperature difference from the body core to skin surface were mostly 1 C.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The variation trend of the measured skin temperature at two RH levels was opposite with air temperature of 34.9 C.

“and the variation trend of the measured skin temperature at two RH levels was opposite with air temperature of 34.9 C.”

May combine two claims.

Predicted rectal temperatures by using Eqs. (2) and (4) in two-node model did not significantly differ from the value by using Eq. (12), while noticeable deviations of predicted skin surface temperature were observed.

“The predicted rectal temperatures by using Eqs. (2) and (4) in two-node model did not significantly differ from the value by using Eq. (12), while noticeable deviations of predicted skin surface temperature were observed.”

May combine two claims.

Employing Eq. (9) did not reduce the prediction accuracy despite slightly higher prediction of skin temperature.

“With respect to the vasodilatation model, employing Eq. (9) did not reduce the prediction accuracy despite slightly higher prediction of skin temperature.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The mean body temperature (Tb) used in Eqs. (9) and (11) was assumed to be identical to the body core temperature to facilitate the calculation of the two-node model in this study.

May combine two claims.

The simulated air speeds along the line near the inlet were in good agreement with measured airspeeds, while relatively larger discrepancies were observed between simulated and measured airspeeds closer to the lower exhaust fan at the height of 0.6 m.

“The simulated air speeds along the line near the inlet were in good agreement with the measured airspeeds whilst relatively larger discrepancies were observed between simulated and measured airspeeds closer to the lower exhaust fan (at the height of 0.6 m).”

May combine two claims.

The difference between the third and fourth measurements was negligible, so a quasi-steady state was assumed to be reached after 2 h for each test.

“It was found that the difference between the third and fourth measurements was negligible so a quasisteady state was assumed to be reached after 2 h for each test.”

May combine two claims.

Prediction of rectal temperatures was in good agreement with measurements for Experiment A, while relatively larger discrepancies in skin temperature were observed.

“Prediction of rectal temperatures was in good agreement with measurements for Experiment A whilst relatively larger discrepancies in skin temperature were observed comparing to the experimental data.”

May combine two claims.

The proposed model predicted the temperature difference from body core to skin surface with reasonable accuracy in Experiment B, and the temperature difference decreased with higher ambient air temperature and lower air speed.

“The proposed model predicted the temperature difference with a reasonable accuracy in Experiment B and the temperature difference decreased with higher ambient air temperature and lower air speed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The power coefficient of 0.68 was in the order of those used by Eqs. (2) and (3).

“The power coefficient of 0.68 was in the order of those used by Eqs. (2) and (3).”

May combine two claims.

The model better predicted the rectal temperature than skin surface temperature for both Experiments A and B, but notable deviations of skin surface temperatures occurred in Experiment A.

“Generally, the model better predicted the rectal temperature than skin surface temperature for both Experiments A and B but notable deviations of skin surface temperatures occurred in Experiment A.”

May combine two claims.

Empirical models can be problematic when applied to another category of pigs because they are derived from measurements in a specified pig building with defined species, body mass, and indoor climate systems, and additional experiments are needed to adjust parametric coefficients.

“However, empirical models can be problematic because they are derived from measurements conducted in a specified pig building with defined species, animal body mass, indoor climate systems, etc. When they are applied to another category of pigs instead of the experimental pigs, additional experiments are needed to adjust the parametric coefficients accordingly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Mechanistic mathematical models are expected to be universal irrespective of species.

“They are therefore expected to be universal irrespective of species.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Bruce and Clark (1979) and Mount (1977) correlated CHTC to the 0.60th power of local airspeed.

“For example, the empirical models developed by Bruce and Clark (1979) and by Mount (1977) correlated CHTC to 0.60th power of the local airspeed.”

• cites Bruce and Clark (1979) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Mount (1977) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Li, Rong, and Zhang (2016) found that CHTC for pigs is proportional to the 0.66th power of local airspeed in a virtual wind tunnel.

“Using the CFD technique, Li, Rong, and Zhang (2016) found that CHTC for pigs is proportional to the 0.66th power of local airspeed in a virtual wind tunnel.”

• cites Li, Rong, and Zhang (2016) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Li, Rong, and Zhang (2018) obtained a linear relationship between CHTC and airspeed for a group of pigs in a mechanically ventilated room with two pig pens.

“Li, Rong, and Zhang (2018) obtained also a linear relationship between CHTC and airspeed for a group of pigs in a mechanically ventilated (sidewall jet supply) room with two pig pens.”

• cites Li, Rong, and Zhang (2018) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Machine-learning models are not derived based on physical laws, so the mechanisms behind them cannot be illustrated rationally.

“Also, machine-learning models, similar to empirical models, are not derived based on any physical laws so the mechanisms behind cannot be illustrated rationally.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mesh independence tests showed that the discrepancy between medium and fine mesh was not significantly different, so medium mesh resolution was employed.

“The simulated results showed that the discrepancy between the medium mesh and fine mesh was not significantly different. Therefore, the medium mesh resolution was employed for the following simulations.”

May combine two claims.

If MRT was replaced by ambient air temperature, heat exchange via radiation could be overestimated and consequently heat stress suffered by pigs could be underestimated.

“If MRT was replaced by the ambient air temperature, it was anticipated that heat exchange via radiation could be overestimated and consequently the heat stress suffered by pigs could be then underestimated.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Convergence was assumed to be reached since all residuals were <10^-4 and residuals and monitored points became stable for additional hundreds of iterations.

“Convergence was assumed to be reached since all the residuals were 10 4 and the residuals and some suitable monitored points became stable for additional hundreds of iterations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Surface temperatures were not collected successfully in Experiment A due to instrumental problems, so MRT calculation was only conducted for Experiment B.

“Unfortunately, the surface temperatures were not collected successfully in Experiment A due to instrumental problems, thus the calculation of MRT was only conducted for Experiment B.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Animal experimenting protocols and procedures were approved by the Danish National Committee on Animal Experimentation (Protocol number: 2019-15-0201-00278).

“Animal experimenting protocols and procedures were approved by the Danish National Committee on Animal Experimentation (Protocol number: 2019-15-0201-00278).”

May combine two claims.

In Eq. (11), two thresholds Teb and Thb were employed, by which response via the pulmonary ventilation rate of panting was activated at a higher body temperature compared to the normally defined reference core temperature; as a result, panting started when the rectal temperature already increased by 0.5 C, and this delayed reaction reduced the capacity of respiratory heat release and thereby led a

“In Eq. (11), two thresholds of Teb and Thb were employed, by which response via the pulmonary ventilation rate of panting was activated at a higher body temperature compared to the normally defined reference core temperature. As a result, the panting started when the rectal temperature already increased by 0.5 C. This delayed reaction reduced the capacity of respiratory heat release and thereby”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The mean body temperature (Tb) used in Eqs. (9) and (11) was assumed to be identical to the body core temperature to facilitate the calculation of the two-node model in this study.

May combine two claims.

The reasonable prediction accuracy and the robustness of predicting rectal temperature confirmed the two-node division and the developed relationships between the increment of core temperature and the increment of the vasodilatation as well as the pulmonary ventilation rate were reasonable.

“The reasonable prediction accuracy and the robustness of predicting rectal temperature confirmed the two-node division and the developed relationships between the increment of core temperature and the increment of the vasodilatation as well as the pulmonary ventilation rate were reasonable.”

May combine two claims.

The proposed model, including the detailed mechanisms of vasodilatation and pulmonary ventilation rate of panting in heat transfer processes, better described the internal heat transfer process and predicted the rectal and skin temperatures with a satisfactory accuracy for different categories of pigs under diverse combinations of environmental conditions.

“In general, the proposed model, including the detailed mechanisms of vasodilatation and pulmonary ventilation rate of panting in heat transfer processes, better described the internal heat transfer process and predicted the rectal and skin temperatures with a satisfactory accuracy for different categories of pigs under diverse combinations of environmental conditions.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The mean body temperature (Tb) used in Eqs. (9) and (11) was assumed to be identical to the body core temperature to facilitate the calculation of the two-node model in this study.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The climate change used to validate empirical models should be strictly adhered to when the empirical models are applied as they might lose their validity when extended.

“The results are also a reminder that the climate change used to validate empirical models should be strictly adhered to when the empirical models are applied as they might lose their validity when extended.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The elevation of skin temperature above 32 C could be a signal that pigs started to suffer heat stress so that the heat stress mitigating system should be activated.

“This elevation of skin temperature was not described by Eq. (13) and this could be a signal that pigs started to suffer heat stress so that the heat stress mitigating system should be activated.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The increasing rate of the internal heat transfer coefficients would be significantly restricted when the body core temperature was above the upper threshold Teb; consequently, the internal heat transfer at high ambient temperature would be underestimated and the vital effect of the vasodilatation at extreme heat exposure was therefore overlooked.

“This could be a concern because the increasing rate of the internal heat transfer coefficients would be significantly restricted when the body core temperature was above the upper threshold Teb . Consequently, the internal heat transfer at high ambient temperature would be underestimated and the vital effect of the vasodilatation at extreme heat exposure was therefore overlooked.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The mean body temperature (Tb) used in Eqs. (9) and (11) was assumed to be identical to the body core temperature to facilitate the calculation of the two-node model in this study.

May combine two claims.

Skin temperature was a less optimal indicator of pig thermal status than core temperature because the prediction accuracy of the rectal temperature was rather robust regardless of the accuracy of the MRT.

“This phenomenon somewhat suggests that the skin temperature was a less optimal indicator of pig thermal status than core temperature because the prediction accuracy of the rectal temperature was rather robust regardless of the accuracy of the MRT.”

May combine two claims.

The realizable k-ε model could reasonably reproduce the temperature and airspeed profiles and was therefore applied in further simulations.

“Thus, in general, the deviation of simulated results from the measurements was acceptable, the realizable k e ε model could reasonably reproduce the temperature and airspeed profiles and was therefore applied in further simulations conducted in this study.”

May combine two claims.

Decoupling the convective heat transfer by vasodilatation from the internal heat transfer was necessary along with the proper modelling of the pulmonary ventilation rate of panting.

“It is considered that decoupling the convective heat transfer by vasodilatation from the internal heat transfer was necessary along with the proper modelling of the pulmonary ventilation rate of panting.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The proposed relationships between the increment of core temperature and the increment of the skin blood flow rate as well as the pulmonary ventilation rate in our study were simpler and more applicable.

“By contrast, the proposed relationships between the increment of core temperature and the increment of the skin blood flow rate as well as the pulmonary ventilation rate in our study were simpler and more applicable.”

May combine two claims.

The uncertainty analysis in terms of CHTCs and MRT verified that the prediction accuracy from the two-node model did not significantly compromise the less accurate inputs, yet it was vital to ensure the quality of the inputs required prior to model operations in high temperature and velocity regions.

“The uncertainty analysis in terms of CHTCsandMRTverified that the prediction accuracy from the two-node model did not significantly compromise the less accurate inputs, yet it was vital to ensure the quality of the inputs required prior to model operations in high temperature and velocity regions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Steady indoor air temperatures were well maintained for most cases, but RH had relatively large deviations from the desired values for cases with RH of 40%.

“Steady indoor air temperatures were well maintained for most cases, but RH had relatively large deviations from the desired values for cases with RH of 40%.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The slightly overestimated skin temperature by Eq. (9) might be due to the less detailed mapped correlation between the ambient environment and the vasodilatation process.

“The slightly overestimated skin temperature by Eq. (9) might be due to the less detailed mapped correlation between the ambient environment and the vasodilatation process, as Eq. (9) was simply formulated with a smooth function by the maximum and minimum values.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The mean body temperature (Tb) used in Eqs. (9) and (11) was assumed to be identical to the body core temperature to facilitate the calculation of the two-node model in this study.

May combine two claims.

Our active modules for vasodilatation and pulmonary ventilation rate of panting modelled the internal heat transfer processes properly.

“In general, the results suggested that our active modules for vasodilatation and pulmonary ventilation rate of panting modelled the internal heat transfer processes properly.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The mean body temperature (Tb) used in Eqs. (9) and (11) was assumed to be identical to the body core temperature to facilitate the calculation of the two-node model in this study.

May combine two claims.

The radiant heat transfer coefficient reported by Bruce and Clark (1979) was a constant and developed specifically for conditions under the critical temperature.

“The radiant heat transfer coefficient was used in the calculation, but the one reported by Bruce and Clark (1979) was a constant and developed specifically for conditions under the critical temperature.”

• cites Bruce and Clark (1979) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The pig model accurately mimicked the posture of a lying sow situated exactly beneath the inlet to ensure a similar exposing surface area to the airflow as in practice.

“The pig model accurately mimicked the posture of a lying sow situated exactly beneath the inlet to ensure a similar exposing surface area to the airflow as in practice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Condotta et al. (2018), a sow of body mass 301 kg has approximate dimensions of L-D-W ≈ 1.76 m × 0.64 m × 0.48 m.

“According to Condotta et al. (2018), a sow of body mass 301 kg has approximate dimensions of L -D -W z 1.76 m -0.64 m -0.48 m.”

• cites Condotta et al. (2018) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The area-averaged CHTC is sufficient for most engineering problems.

“Kreith, Manglik, and Bohn (2010) indicated that the areaaveraged CHTC is sufficient for most engineering problems.”

• cites Kreith, Manglik, and Bohn (2010)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.