Body Image as a Multidimensional Concept: A Systematic Review of Body Image Facets in Eating Disorders and Muscle Dysmorphia
Abstract
Body image disturbance is core to the psychopathology of eating disorders (EDs), and related disorders such as muscle dysmorphia (MD). Global measures of body image fail to quantify specific aspects of body image disturbance that characterizes EDs, and may be differentially associated to outcomes. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview of specific body image facets and synthesize findings from controlled studies that compared clinical ED/MD and control-comparison groups in body image disturbance. One-hundred sixty-seven studies met inclusion criteria, and reported on comparisons among 30,584 individuals in 28 body image facets, which were more broadly grouped into evaluative, perceptual, cognitive-affective and motivational categories for the purpose of the present review. Effect sizes were calculated as Cohen's d for every comparison between ED and control groups. Body dissatisfaction (evaluative category) was the most prevalent facet assessed across studies (62 %), and differences between clinical and control groups were the largest in this category, especially for bulimia nervosa (d = 1.37). Scarcity of studies with male and MD clinical samples, and use of single-item and non-validated measures, should encourage development of instruments for body image facets pertinent to EDs and MD that can be validly applied across gender.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
For women, societal pressures to conform to an often unattainable standard of thinness are exacerbated by media representations that predominantly feature slender figures as the epitome of beauty and femininity.
“For women, societal pressures to conform to an often unattainable standard of thinness are exacerbated by media representations that predominantly feature slender figures as the epitome of beauty and femininity.”
Constant exposure to a singular body ideal fosters body dissatisfaction and intertwines self-worth with physical appearance in women.
“This constant exposure to a singular body ideal not only fosters an environment ripe for body dissatisfaction but also intertwines self-worth with physical appearance [126].”
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042 · see citing works
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Cohen, J. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9780203771587 · Cited by 25,373 · see citing works
Downs, S. H., & Black, N. (1998) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.52.6.377 · Cited by 8,252 · see citing works
Overall job satisfaction: How good are single-item measures?
Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Hudy, M. J. (1997) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.82.2.247 · Cited by 3,479 · see citing works
Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: a “transdiagnostic” theory and treatment
Fairburn, C. G., Cooper, Z., & Shafran, R. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00088-8 · Cited by 3,374 · see citing works
The development and validation of the body shape questionnaire
Cooper, P., Taylor, M., Cooper, Z., & Fairbum, C. G. (1987) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(198707)6:4 · Cited by 2,178 · see citing works
Body image: understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women, and children
(1999) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-0628 · Cited by 1,852 · see citing works
Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000–2018 period: a systematic literature review
Galmiche, M., Déchelotte, P., Lambert, G., & Tavolacci, M. P. (2019) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy342 · Cited by 1,712 · see citing works
Review of the prevalence and incidence of eating disorders
Hoek, H. W., & van Hoeken, D. (2003) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10222 · Cited by 1,464 · see citing works
(2008) · Cited by 1,397 · see citing works
Cooper, Z., & Fairburn, C. G. (1987) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(198701)6:1 · Cited by 1,367 · see citing works
Binge Eating: Nature, Assessment and Treatment
Hanson, K., & Pasulka, P. S. (1994) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/014860719401800419 · Cited by 1,166 · see citing works
Body image: past, present, and future
Cash, T. F. (2003) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/s1740-1445(03)00011-1 · Cited by 1,015 · see citing works
Risk factors for eating disorders.
Striegel-Moore, R. H., & Bulik, C. M. (2007) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.62.3.181 · Cited by 999 · see citing works
McAuley, L., Pham, B., Tugwell, P., & Moher, D. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02786-0 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
Development and Validation of a New Body-Image Assessment Scale
Thompson, M. A., & Gray, J. J. (1995) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6402_6 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
The enigma of male eating disorders: A critical review and synthesis
Murray, S. B., Nagata, J. M., Griffiths, S., Calzo, J. P., Brown, T. A., Mitchison, D., Blashill, A. J., & Mond, J. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.08.001 · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreased mortality in bulimia nervosa and other eating disorders.
Crow, S. J., Peterson, C. B., Swanson, S. A., Raymond, N. C., Specker, S., Eckert, E. D., & Mitchell, J. E. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09020247 · Cited by 633 · see citing works
Studies of the epidemiology of bulimia nervosa
(1990) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.147.4.401 · Cited by 631 · see citing works
Genetics of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
Tsuang, M. T. (1984) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.141.7.916-a · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Weinberger, N., Kersting, A., Riedel-Heller, S. G., & Luck‐Sikorski, C. (2016) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000454837 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Characteristics of 275 patients with bulimia
Mitchell, J. E., Hatsukami, D. K., Eckert, E. D., & Pyle, R. L. (1985) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.142.4.482 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Cash, T. F., Phillips, K. A., Santos, M. T., & Hrabosky, J. I. (2004) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.10.001 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Muscularity concerns among men: development of attitudinal and perceptual measures
Hildebrandt, T., Langenbucher, J., & Schlundt, D. G. (2004) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2004.01.001 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
The Body Uneasiness Test (BUT): Development and validation of a new body image assessment scale
Cuzzolaro, M., Vetrone, G., Marano, G., & Garfinkel, P. E. (2006) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/bf03327738 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Anxiety in the eating disorders: Understanding the overlap
Pallister, E., & Waller, G. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.07.001 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Hrabosky, J. I., Cash, T. F., Veale, D. M., Neziroglu, F. A., Soll, E. A., Garner, D. M., Strachan-Kinser, M., Bakke, B., Clauss, L. J., & Phillips, K. A. (2009) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.03.001 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Body Image Concerns in Young Girls: The Role of Peers and Media Prior to Adolescence
Dohnt, H., & Tiggemann, M. (2006) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-005-9020-7 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Childhood eating disorders: British national surveillance study
Nicholls, D., Lynn, R. M., & Viner, R. (2011) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.081356 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Probst, M., Vandereycken, W., Coppenolle, H. V., & Vanderlinden, J. (1995) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640269508249156 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Murray, S. B., Rieger, E., Hildebrandt, T., Karlov, L., Russell, J. D., Boon, E. S. K., Dawson, R. T., & Touyz, S. W. (2012) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.01.008 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
The Egosyntonic Nature of Anorexia: An Impediment to Recovery in Anorexia Nervosa Treatment
Gregertsen, E. C., Mandy, W., & Serpell, L. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02273 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Mond, J., Mitchison, D., Latner, J. D., Hay, P., Owen, C. A., & Rodgers, B. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-920 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Self-citationSystematic Review of Body Image Measures
Kling, J., Kwakkenbos, L., Diedrichs, P. C., Rumsey, N., Frisén, A., Brandão, M. P., Silva, A. G., Dooley, B., Rodgers, R. F., & Fitzgerald, A. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.06.006 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Titles versus titles and abstracts for initial screening of articles for systematic reviews
Mateen, F., Oh, Tergas, Bhayani, & Kamdar (2013) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s43118 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
A review of eating disorders in males
Raevuori, A., Keski‐Rahkonen, A., & Hoek, H. W. (2014) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000113 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Primary prevention of eating disorders: Might it do more harm than good?
Carter, J. C., Stewart, D. A., Dunn, V. J., & Fairburn, C. G. (1997) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199709)22:2 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Burden of eating disorders in 5–13‐year‐old children in Australia
Madden, S., Morris, A., Zurynski, Y. A., Kohn, M. R., & Elliott, E. J. (2009) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02487.x · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Swami, V., Salem, N., Furnham, A. F., & Tovée, M. J. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.02.002 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Grilo, C. M., Hrabosky, J. I., White, M. A., Allison, K. C., Stunkard, A. J., & Masheb, R. M. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.2.414 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Eating and Body Image Disturbances in Male-to-Female and Female-to-Male Transsexuals
Vocks, S., Stahn, C., Loenser, K., & Legenbauer, T. (2008) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9424-z · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Dahlgren, C. L., Wisting, L., & Rø, Ø. (2017) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-017-0186-7 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Recognition and treatment of muscle dysmorphia and related body image disorders.
Leone, J. E., Sedory, E. J., & Gray, K. A. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Body image and body change techniques among young adolescent boys
McCabe, M. P., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2001) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.389 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Binge eating disorder, weight cycling, and psychopathology
Kuehnel, R. H., & Wadden, T. A. (1994) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.2260150403 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Sharpe, H., Griffiths, S., Choo, T.-H. J., Eisenberg, M. E., Mitchison, D., Wall, M. M., & Neumark‐Sztainer, D. (2018) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22936 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationMitchison, D., Hay, P., Griffiths, S., Murray, S. B., Bentley, C., Gratwick‐Sarll, K., Harrison, C., & Mond, J. (2016) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22592 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationGlashouwer, K. A., van der Veer, R. M. L., Adipatria, F., de Jong, P. J., & Vocks, S. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101771 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Devrim-Lanpir, A., Bilgiç, P., & Hongu, N. (2018) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988318786868 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Mitchell, L., Murray, S. B., Cobley, S. P., Hackett, D. A., Gifford, J. A., Capling, L., & O'Connor, H. T. (2016) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0564-3 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Stice, E. M., Rohde, P., Durant, S., & Shaw, H. E. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028016 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Grilo, C. M. (2013) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22082 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Smith, K. E., Mason, T. B., Murray, S. B., Griffiths, S., Leonard, R. C., Wetterneck, C. T., Smith, B. E. R., Farrell, N. R., Riemann, B. C., & Lavender, J. M. (2017) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22716 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationGriffiths, S., Mond, J. M., Li, Z., Gunatilake, S., Murray, S. B., Sheffield, J., & Touyz, S. (2015) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22413 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationAnticipation of body-scaled action is modified in anorexia nervosa
Guardia, D., Lafargue, G., Thomas, P., Dodin, V., Cottencin, O., & Luyat, M. (2010) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.09.004 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Holtom-Viesel, A., & Allan, S. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.10.005 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Duration of illness predicts outcome for bulimia nervosa: A long-term follow-up study
Reas, D. L., Williamson, D. A., Martin, C. K., & Zucker, N. L. (2000) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(200005)27:4 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Drive for muscularity and disordered eating among French adolescent boys: A sociocultural model
Rodgers, R. F., Ganchou, C., Franko, D. L., & Chabrol, H. (2012) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.03.002 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Mond, J., Hay, P., Rodgers, B., & Owen, C. A. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.08.011 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, S. B., Jones, P. J., Dreier, M. J., Elliott, H., & Grilo, C. M. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718002702 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Body Image and Psychopathology in Male Bodybuilders
Mangweth, B., Pope, H. G., Kemmler, G., Ebenbichler, C. F., Hausmann, A., Col, C. D., Kreutner, B., Kinzl, J. F., & Biebl, W. (2001) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000056223 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
The significance of overvaluation of shape and weight in binge eating disorder
Goldschmidt, A. B., Hilbert, A., Manwaring, J. L., Wilfley, D. E., Pike, K. M., Fairburn, C. G., & Striegel‐Moore, R. H. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.10.008 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Jaeger, B., Ruggiero, G. M., Edlund, B., Gómez-Perretta, C., Lang, F., Mohammadkhani, P., Sahleen-Veasey, C., Schomer, H., & Lamprecht, F. (2001) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000049344 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Miyake, Y., Okamoto, Y., Onoda, K., Shirao, N., Okamoto, Y., Otagaki, Y., & Yamawaki, S. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.12.095 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Grilo, C. M., Pagano, M. E., Stout, R. L., Markowitz, J. C., Ansell, E. B., Pinto, A., Zanarini, M. C., Yen, S., & Skodol, A. E. (2011) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20909 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Pike, K. M., & Mizushima, H. (2004) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20065 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Badenes-Ribera, L., Rubio-Aparicio, M., Sánchez-Meca, J., Fabris, M. A., & Longobardi, C. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.44 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Fernandes-Taylor, S., Hyun, J. K., Reeder, R. N., & Harris, A. H. (2011) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-4-304 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Murray, S. B., Rieger, E., Karlov, L., & Touyz, S. W. (2012) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2194 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Evaluating self and partner physical attractiveness
Swami, V., Furnham, A. F., Georgiades, C., & Pang, L. (2006) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.10.003 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Carrard, I., Rebetez, M. M. L., Mobbs, O., & der Linden, M. V. (2014) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-014-0148-x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Stable and reactive body image disturbances in bulimia nervosa
McKenzie, S. J., Williamson, D. A., & Cubic, B. A. (1993) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80263-1 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Vocks, S., Wächter, A., Wucherer, M., & Kosfelder, J. (2007) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.825 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Differences in Body Image and Depression Among Obese Women With and Without Binge Eating Disorder
Mussell, M. P., Peterson, C. B., Weller, C. L., Crosby, R. D., de Zwaan, M., & Mitchell, J. E. (1996) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1996.tb00251.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Lethbridge, J., Watson, H. J., Egan, S. J., Street, H., & Nathan, P. R. (2011) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.04.003 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Yanover, T., & Thompson, J. K. (2007) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20483 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Calugi, S., Ghoch, M. E., Conti, M., & Grave, R. D. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2018.04.001 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in Systemic Sclerosis: A Systematic Review
Willems, L. M., Vriezekolk, J. E., Schouffoer, A. A., Poole, J. L., Stamm, T., Boström, C., Kwakkenbos, L., Vlieland, T. P. M. V., & van den Ende, C. H. M. (2015) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.22595 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Emotions and cognitions associated with bingeing and weight control behavior in bulimia
Powell, A. L., & Thelen, M. H. (1996) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(95)00641-9 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Changes in weight and body image over time in women with eating disorders
Striegel‐Moore, R. H., Franko, D. L., Thompson, D., BARTON, B. A., Schreiber, G. B., & Daniels, S. R. (2004) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20053 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Cafri, G., van den Berg, P., & Brannick, M. Τ. (2009) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191109357028 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Anorexia nervosa in male adolescents: Body image, eating attitudes and psychological traits
Gila, A., Castro, J., Cesena, J., & Toro, J. (2005) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.02.039 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Legenbauer, T., Vocks, S., Betz, S., Puigcerver, M. J. B., Benecke, A., Troje, N., & Rüddel, H. (2011) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445510393478 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Probst, M., Pieters, G., & Vanderlinden, J. (2008) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20531 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Grilo, C. M., Ivezaj, V., Lydecker, J. A., & White, M. A. (2019) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109757 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Askew, A. J., Peterson, C. B., Crow, S. J., Mitchell, J. E., Halmi, K. A., Agras, W. S., & Haynos, A. F. (2020) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23277 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Lewer, M., Nasrawi, N., Schroeder, D., & Vocks, S. (2015) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-015-0200-5 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Sattler, F. A., Eickmeyer, S., & Eisenkolb, J. (2019) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-019-00725-5 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Thinner the Better: Self‐Esteem and Low Body Weight in Anorexia Nervosa
Brockmeyer, T., Holtforth, M. G., Bents, H., Kämmerer, A., Herzog, W., & Friederich, H. (2012) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1771 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Response of Obese Patients to Weight Reduction
Glucksman, M. L., Hirsch, J., McCully, R. S., et al. (1968) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-196807000-00001 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Linardon, J., Phillipou, A., Castle, D. J., Newton, R., Harrison, P., Cistullo, L. L., Griffiths, S., Hindle, A., & Brennan, L. (2018) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.03.002 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationStutts, L. A., & Blomquist, K. K. (2018) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22880 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Shared psychopathology in obese subjects with and without binge‐eating disorder
Ramacciotti, C., Coli, E., Bondi, E., Burgalassi, A., Massimetti, G., & Dell’Osso, L. (2008) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20544 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Kashubeck‐West, S., Mintz, L. B., & Weigold, I. K. (2005) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-005-7138-4 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Muscle Dysmorphia Research Neglects DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria
Sandgren, S. S., & Lavallee, D. E. (2018) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2018.1428484 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Comparison of body size estimation in adolescents with different types of eating disorders
Schneider, N., Frieler, K., Pfeiffer, E. F., Lehmkuhl, U., & Salbach‐Andrae, H. (2009) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.956 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Anderson, L. M., Smith, K. M. Z., Schaefer, L. M., Crosby, R. D., Cao, L., Engel, S. G., Crow, S. J., Wonderlich, S. A., & Peterson, C. B. (2020) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000503 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Body Image, Eating, and Weight
(2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90817-5 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Burt, A. O., Mannan, H. R., Touyz, S. W., & Hay, P. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02852-1 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationBody fat perception in eating‐disordered men
Mangweth, B., Hausmann, A., Walch, T., et al. (2003) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10230 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Grilo, C. M., Crosby, R. D., & Machado, P. P. P. (2019) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23161 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Linardon, J. (2016) · Eating Disorders · doi:10.1080/10640266.2016.1260374 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Bauer, S., Papezova, H., Chereches, R., Caselli, G., McLoughlin, O., Szumska, I., van Furth, E., Ozer, F., & Moessner, M. (2013) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2013.10.003 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Dondzilo, L., Rieger, E., Jayawardena, N., & Bell, J. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9989-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Body-oriented gaze behaviors in men with muscle dysmorphia diagnoses.
Waldorf, M., Vocks, S., Düsing, R., Bauer, A., & Cordes, M. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000403 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Negative psychological correlates of the pursuit of muscularity among women
Cunningham, M. L., Szabo, M., Kambanis, P. E., Murray, S. B., Thomas, J. J., Eddy, K. T., Franko, D. L., & Griffiths, S. (2019) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23178 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat are the emotions underlying feeling fat and fear of weight gain?
Levinson, C., Williams, B. M., & Christian, C. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.012 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Latner, J. D., Mond, J., Vallance, J. K., Gleaves, D. H., & Buckett, G. (2012) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2012.05.008 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Evaluating new severity dimensions in the DSM‐5 for bulimic syndromes using mixture modeling
Keel, P. K., Crosby, R. D., Hildebrandt, T., Haedt‐Matt, A. A., & Gravener, J. A. (2012) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22050 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Behrens, S. C., Thaler, A., Streuber, S., et al. (2017) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2559 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Understanding “feeling fat” and its underlying mechanisms: The importance of multimethod measurement
Mehak, A., & Racine, S. E. (2020) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23336 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Stewart, A. D., Klein, S. J., Young, J. S., Simpson, S., Lee, A. J., Harrild, K., Crockett, P., & Benson, P. J. (2011) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2011.02063.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Blostein, F., Assari, S., & Caldwell, C. H. (2016) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-016-0255-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Sala, L., Mirabel-Sarron, C., Pham-Scottez, A., Blanchet, A., Rouillon, F., & Gorwood, P. (2012) · Eating and Weight Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf03325334 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mitchison, D., Rieger, E., Harrison, C., Murray, S. B., Griffiths, S., & Mond, J. (2017) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22812 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationYiu, A., Murray, S. M., Arlt, J. M., Eneva, K. T., & Chen, E. Y. (2017) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.04.005 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A computer-based method for the assessment of body-image distortions in anorexia-nervosa patients
Harari, D., Furst, M., Kiryati, N., et al. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine · doi:10.1109/4233.966106 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Corcos, M., Flament, M. F., Giraud, M. J., Paterniti, S., Ledoux, S., Atger, F., & Jeammet, P. (2000) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s007870050006 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Mela, C. L., Maglietta, M., Caini, S., Casu, G., Lucarelli, S., Mori, S., & Ruggiero, G. M. (2015) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.09.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Elosua, P., & Hermosilla, D. (2013) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2013.06.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Physiological and psychological responses to a glucose challenge in bulimia
Blouin, A. G., Blouin, J., Braaten, J. T., Sarwar, G., Bushnik, T. L., & Walker, J. (1991) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199105)10:3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ten‐year time trends in mental and physical health correlates of weight/shape overvaluation
Santana, D. D., Mitchison, D., Griffiths, S., et al. (2019) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2672 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationClinical Correlates of Body-Size Distortion
Pumariega, A. J., Gustavson, C. R., Gustavson, J. C., et al. (1993) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1993.76.3c.1311 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Köhle, K., & Mall, H. (1983) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(198322)2:4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Review of Instruments for Assessing Body Image in Preschoolers
Cuesta-Zamora, C., & Martínez, L. N. (2017) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2017.051001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire
Fairburn, C. G., & Beglin, S. J. (1994) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(199412)16:4
Garner (1983) · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(198321)2:2
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Merino, M., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Rubio-Zarapuz, A., Villanueva-Tobaldo, C. V., Martín-Rodríguez, A., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12141396 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
“This constant exposure to a singular body ideal not only fosters an environment ripe for body dissatisfaction but also intertwines self-worth with physical appearance [126].”
Background
- Authors
- Prnjak, K., Jukic, I., Mitchison, D., Griffiths, S., & Hay, P.
- Affiliations
- Western Sydney University (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Camden and Campbelltown Hospitals (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Prnjak, Katarina
- Venue
- Body Image
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-09
- Volume
- 42
- Pages
- 347-360
- ISSN
- 1740-1445 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4289333426
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 129
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 12
- FWCI
- 2.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Body Image (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OPUS - Open Publications of UTS Scholars (University of Technology Sydney) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Australian Medical Council
- New South Wales Institute of Psychiatry
- Australian Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- eating disorders, muscle dysmorphia, body dissatisfaction, bulimia nervosa, body perception, gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Anorexia Nervosa, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Body Image, Humans, Male, Muscles, Bulimia Nervosa
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
