The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Facilitating a benign interpretation bias in a high socially anxious population
Abstract
Previous research has shown that high socially anxious individuals lack the benign interpretation bias present in people without social anxiety. The tendency of high socially anxious people to generate more negative interpretations may lead to anticipated anxiety about future social situations. If so, developing a more benign interpretation bias could lead to a reduction in this anxiety. The current study showed that a benign interpretation bias could be facilitated (or 'trained') in a high socially anxious population. Participants in the benign training groups had repeated practice in accessing benign (positive or non-negative) interpretations of potentially threatening social scenarios. Participants in the control condition were presented with the same social scenarios but without their outcomes being specified. In a later recognition task, participants who received benign interpretation training generated more benign, and less negative, interpretations of new ambiguous social situations compared to the control group. Participants who received benign training also predicted that they would be significantly less anxious in a future social situation than those in the control group. Possible implications of the findings for therapeutic interventions in social phobia are discussed.
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“People with anxiety, on the other hand, commonly exhibit an 'interpretation bias,' which is a tendency to automatically interpret ambiguous information in a negative manner (e.g., that a yawn from a conversation partner indicates boredom; Amir et al., 2005; Murphy et al., 2007).”
From Acceptability and Co-Development of an Online Cognitive Bias Modification Intervention for Emerging Adults With Hazardous Alcohol Use and Social Anxiety: A Mixed Methods Study (2020) · cites this paper as Murphy et al., 2007
In the citing paper
“which can lead to a subsequent shift in social anxiety levels (Bowler et al., 2012; Murphy et al., 2007; Salemink et al., 2009).”
From Acceptability and Co-Development of an Online Cognitive Bias Modification Intervention for Emerging Adults With Hazardous Alcohol Use and Social Anxiety: A Mixed Methods Study (2020) · cites this paper as Murphy et al., 2007
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Invited commentary on … Confusing procedures with process in cognitive bias modification research
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“These results are consistent with the previous findings suggesting that the positive CBM-I training can facilitate a benign interpretation of ambiguous social scenarios in social anxiety (e.g., Beard & Amir, 2008; Beard, et al., 2011; Mobini et al., 2014; Murphy et al., 2007).”
ResultNowakowski, M. E., Antony, M., & Koerner, N. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.04.004 · Cited by 16
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“Several studies examining the impact of CBM-I on various forms of anxiety have now been conducted (e.g., Beard and Amir 2008; Clerkin and Teachman 2011; Murphy et al. 2007; Steinman and Teachman 2014), with some success at reducing both interpretation bias and emotional vulnerability.”
BackgroundSelf-citationVassilopoulos, S., Moberly, N., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2015) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2015.8.4.318 · Cited by 14
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Cognitive Biases among Individuals with Social Anxiety
Steinman, S. A., Gorlin, E. I., & Teachman, B. A. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118653920.ch15 · Cited by 12
Social Anxiety, Positive Experiences, and Positive Events
Kashdan, T., & Weeks, J. W. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375096-9.00017-1 · Cited by 13
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“Effective social anxiety treatment may include increasing benign interpretations of neutral/ ambiguous situations, which appears to be an effective cognitive–behavioral therapy intervention for SAD (Amir & Taylor, 2012; Murphy et al., 2007).”
BackgroundWhite, L. K., Suway, J. G., Pine, D. S., Field, A. P., Lester, K. J., Muris, P., Bar‐Haim, Y., & Fox, N. A. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.053615 · Cited by 12
Vassilopoulos, S. P., Blackwell, S. E., Misailidi, P., Kyritsi, A., & Ayfanti, M. (2013) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465813000301 · Cited by 13
“…scenarios were read by participants themselves – Beard and Amir, 2008; Mathews and Mackintosh, 2000) or auditory presentation modality (i.e. participants listened to the scenarios through headphones – Murphy, Hirsch, Mathews, Smith and Clark, 2007; Holmes et al., 2006; Holmes, Lang and Shah, 2009).”
An investigation into the jumping-to-conclusions bias in social anxiety
Johnstone, K. M., Chen, J., & Balzan, R. P. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.10.012 · Cited by 12
Vassilopoulos, S., Moberly, N., & Douratsou, K.-M. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9382-y · Cited by 11
“…that are effective in directly manipulating interpretation and judgmental bias in socially anxious youth and adults demonstrates that inducing cognitive biases modifies emotional experience and social anxiety symptoms (e.g., Murphy et al. 2007; Beard and Amir 2008; Vassilopoulos et al. 2009).”
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“Though some studies have presented scenarios aurally (Hayes et al. 2010; Murphy et al. 2007), the majority of CBM-I training use visually presented scenarios (see Menne-Lothmann et al.”
BackgroundNeural correlates of cognitive bias modification for interpretation
Sakaki, K., Nozawa, T., Ikeda, S., & Kawashima, R. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa026 · Cited by 17
“Additionally, presenting model answers or providing brief feedback would be required to reinforce the association between ambiguous social situations and subsequent positive interpretations (Murphy et al., 2007; Beard and Amir, 2008; Bowler et al., 2012).”
BackgroundReyes, N., Boulton, K., Han, J., Torok, M. H., & Wong, Q. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10074-3 · Cited by 7
Evaluation of a DVD-based self-help program in highly socially anxious individuals--pilot study.
Mall, A., Mehl, A., Kiko, S., Kleindienst, N., Salize, H., Hermann, C., Hoffmann, T., Bohus, M., & Steil, R. (2011) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2010.11.007 · Cited by 7
Boemo, T., Martín-García, Ó., Pacheco-Romero, A. M., Blanco, I., Lafit, G., Myin-Germeys, I., & Sánchez-López, Á. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104550 · Cited by 6
Induced interpretation bias affects free recall and episodic memory bias in social anxiety
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Modifying thought-action fusion via a single-session computerized interpretation training
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Introduction: Applying Clinical Psychological Science to Practice
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Social Anxiety and Interpretation Bias
Wang, X.-L., Qian, M.-Y., Yu, H.-Y., Sun, Y., Li, S.-W., Yang, P., Lin, M.-Y., Yao, N.-S., & Zhang, X. (2016) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294116658605 · Cited by 5
“A seminal study by Murphy et al. (2007), however, showed that “training” a positive interpretation bias through repeated exposure to positively resolved ambiguous scenarios resulted in not only a positive interpretation bias on a subsequent task but also lower predicted anxiety ratings for a future…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential"r u mad @ me?": Social anxiety and interpretation bias in computer-mediated contexts
Kingsbury, M. K. (2014) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2014-10508 · Cited by 4
“…whereas ambiguity in face-to-face situations is a function of the ambiguity of the social cues present (e.g., laughing, yawning; Amir et al., 2005; Murphy et al., 2007; Rapee & Heimberg, 1997) ambiguity in CMC seems to result from the absence of such cues altogether (Kruger et al. 2005).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMorina, E., Harris, D. A., Hayes-Skelton, S., & Ciaramitaro, V. (2024) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2024.2314987 · Cited by 4
“…memory biases (e.g. Hope et al., 1990; LeMoult & Joormann, 2012; Mellings & Alden, 2000), and perceptual biases in interpreting social cues, especially cues related to threat (e.g. Amin et al., 1998; Gutiérrez-García & Calvo, 2017; Huppert et al., 2007; Moser et al., 2012; Murphy et al., 2007).”
Lam, C. L. M., Hin, A. S., Lau, L. N. S., Zhang, Z., & Leung, C. J. (2025) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102031 · Cited by 2
Prior, K., Salemink, E., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Teachman, B. A., Piggott, M., Newton, N. C., Teesson, M., Baillie, A., Manning, V., McLellan, L. F., et al. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/28667 · Cited by 5
“Although there are a variety of implicit cognitive biases associated with social anxiety and alcohol use disorders, two of the most common are alcohol approach biases (ie, the tendency for alcohol cues to induce an automatic and habitual approach action [13,14]) and interpretation biases (ie, the tendency to interpret…”
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“이러한 결과는 단 일회기가 아니라 다중 회기로 구성하여 내담자의 해석편 향을 단계적으로 수정해 나가는 접근이 보다 큰 치료 효 과를 보일 것이라는 Murphy 등[15]의 연구 결과와 일치 한다.”
InfluentialReilly, E. S., & Mansell, W. (2010) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1017/s1754470x10000085 · Cited by 3
“Murphy et al. (2007) found socially anxious people lack the benign interpretative bias most people have regarding social situations.”
BackgroundResultCompetitive Memory Training (COMET) bij een psychotische vrouw met auditieve hallucinaties
de Haan, G. D., van der Gaag, M., & Korrelboom, K. (2007) · Directieve therapie · doi:10.1007/bf03056851 · Cited by 3
Cognitive Biases in Social Anxiety Disorder
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Interpretation bias in emotional disorders: a selective review
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“In line with previous findings, it was hypothesized that the CBM-I training in this study would have a positive effect on IB, social anxiety [14, 27, 31, 32], and emotional reactivity [9, 33] and that the greatest outcome success would be seen in those participants who received a positive…”
ResultPrior, K., Salemink, E., Piggott, M., Manning, V., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Teachman, B. A., Teesson, M., Baillie, A., Mahoney, A., McLellan, L. F., et al. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/46008 · Cited by 2
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“CBM-I interventions have demonstrated efficacy in modifying the key cognitive biases implicated in various anxious populations, including high trait anxiety [5,6], generalized anxiety [7], spider fear [8] and social anxiety [9-13].”
BackgroundMethodEmotion ensemble judgement: Cognitive training for a positive perspective.
Ngai, H. H. T., & Jin, J. (2025) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12784 · Cited by 1
Cognitive bias modification of interpretation for social anxiety: A "bottom-up" intervention?
Bingqian, L., & Li, X. (2018) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2018.00859 · Cited by 3
1 Cognitieve verwerking en psychopathologie: theorie en onderzoek
Raes, F., Kindt, M., & Arntz, A. R. (2011) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-313-8310-8_1 · Cited by 1
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The Effect of Training with Music on Happiness Recognition in Social Anxiety Disorder
Bodner, E., Aharoni, R., & Iancu, I. (2012) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-012-9304-7
“Murphy et al. (2007) showed that a benign interpretation bias could be facilitated (or ‘trained’) in a high socially anxious population.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialExamining Moderators of Outcomes in a Smartphone-Delivered Interpretation Bias Intervention
Shin, D. E., Silverman, A. L., Rotta, G. K., Ferguson, I., Tuck, A. B., & Beard, C. (2026) · The Behavior Therapist · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2026.08.002
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Barzilay, S., Kalanthroff, E., Landkroon, E., Salemink, E., Ginat-Frolich, R., Engelhard, I. M., & Huppert, J. (2026) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2026.2636686
The Six-Factor Cognitive Domino Model of Anxiety
Tang, Y., Gan, N., & Yang, H. (2024) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941241309062
“On the contrary, there are also studies which proved that promoting individuals ’ benign interpretation can reduce anxiety (Murphy et al., 2007).”
Sosyal Biliş Becerilerinin Sosyal Kaygı Üzerindeki Yordayıcı Etkisi
Olgun-Kaval, N., & Arkar, H. (2022) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar · doi:10.18863/pgy.1167103
The Effect of Episodic Future Thinking on Negative Emotions and its Mechanism
Ba, Q.-Y. (2022) · BCP Education & Psychology · doi:10.54691/bcpep.v7i.2675
“Murphy et al. (2007) points out that scenario understading can reduce anxiety through a positive EFT.”
BackgroundKim, D. I., & Yoon, H. (2021) · Seuteureseu Yeon-gu · doi:10.17547/kjsr.2021.29.4.271
“향의 감소, 긍정적인 해석 편향의 증가 및 사회불안 수준 의 감소가 보고되었다[10-12].”
Bronk, J. (2021) · Whitehall Papers · doi:10.1080/02681307.2021.2005905
Shi, X. (2026) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2026.168369
Metadata
- Authors
- Murphy, R., Hirsch, C. R., Mathews, A., Smith, K., & Clark, D. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Murphy, Rebecca
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-07
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1517-1529
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2025777566
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 17.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (069777)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- social anxiety, interpretation training, social anxiety disorder, cognitive bias modification, ambiguous social situations, anxiety prediction, therapeutic interventions
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Cognition, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Interview, Psychological, Learning, Male, Phobic Disorders, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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