Cognitive biases in generalized social phobia

Foa, Edna B.; Franklin, Martin E.; Perry, Kevin J.; Herbert, James D.

doi:10.1037/0021-843x.105.3.433

Cited by 416Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychological Treatments and AssessmentsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

Cognitive biases in generalized social phobia

Foa, Edna B., Franklin, Martin E., Perry, Kevin J., Herbert, James D.·1996·Journal of Abnormal Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0021-843x.105.3.433

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Abstract

Judgmental biases for threat-relevant stimuli are thought to be important mechanisms underlying the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. The authors hypothesized (a) that people with generalized social phobia (GSP) would rate negative social events but not nonsocial events as more probable and costly than would nonanxious controls (NACs) and (b) that cognitive behavioral treatment would decrease probability and cost estimates for social but not nonsocial events. Participants with GSP and NACs were assessed twice, 14 weeks apart, during which the former received cognitive behavioral therapy. Those with GSP evidenced socially relevant judgmental biases prior to treatment, and these were attenuated following treatment. Reduction in cost estimates for social events, but not in probability estimates, mediated improvement in social phobia. Results are discussed in light of emotional processing theory.

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SAD is characterized by inflated appraisals of the likelihood and cost of negative social outcomes.
“SAD is characterized by inflated appraisals of the likelihood and cost of negative social outcomes”
From The affective tie that binds: Examining the contribution of positive emotions and anxiety to relationship formation in social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Foa, Franklin, Perry, & Herbert, 1996

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“In support of this perspective, individuals with SAD have been shown to overestimate the likelihood and cost of negative social outcomes (e.g., Foa et al., 1996; Gilboa-Schechtman, Franklin, & Foa, 2000; * Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,…”
Background
Clinical Implications of Cognitive Bias Modification for Interpretative Biases in Social Anxiety: An Integrative Literature Review
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“In line with the interpretation bias literature, a number of studies have reported that socially-anxious individuals estimate that the probability and cost of negative social events is higher compared to non-anxious controls (Foa et al. 1996; McManus et al. 2000; Voncken et al. 2003).”
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An initiation–termination two-phase model of worrying
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“Accordingly, when entering a social situation, individuals with social phobia do not know whether the event will be positive or negative (although they typically expect it to be negative; see eg, Foa, Franklin, Perry, & Herbert, 1996 ; Lucock & Salkovskis, 1988 ) so that some amount of self-focused attention is likely…”
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The interpretation of negative social events in social phobia: changes during treatment and relationship to outcome
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“Although speculative, the heightened attention to emotional faces may be the result of visual system plasticity secondary to chronic expectations of interpersonal failure typical of social anxiety (Andrews et al., 1994; Foa et al., 1996; Poulton and Andrews, 1996; Rapee and Heimberg, 1997).”
Selective attentional bias related to the noticeability aspect of anxiety symptoms in generalized social phobia
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“…processing, extinction/habituation of the anxiety, cognitive reprocessing of pathogenic meanings, the learning of new responses to previously feared stimuli, and ultimately an integration of corrective non-pathological information into the fear structure (Bryant et al. 2003; Foa et al. 1996).”
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The effect of practice on recall of emotional information in individuals with generalized social phobia.
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Changes in judgment biases and use of emotion regulation strategies during cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: distinguishing treatment responders from nonresponders
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“Foa et al. (1996) also reported that although both types of biases were attenuated from pre- to posttreatment with CBT, changes in cost biases were more strongly related to symptom changes than were changes in probability biases.”
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Social anxiety in late adolescence: The importance of early childhood language impairment
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Emotion Beliefs and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Castella, K. D., Goldin, P. R., Jazaieri, H., Heimberg, R. G., Dweck, C. S., & Gross, J. J. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.974665 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“The Social Costs Questionnaire (SCQ; Foa et al., 1996) which measures perceived costs associated with social events by Table 1.”
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When ambiguity hurts: Social standards moderate self-appraisals in generalized social phobia
Moscovitch, D. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.07.008 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Interpretation Bias: A Comparison of Treated Social Phobics, Untreated Social Phobics, and Controls1
Franklin, M. E., Huppert, J. D., Langner, R., Leiberg, S., & Foa, E. B. (2005) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-005-2412-8 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“While there is preliminary evidence that judgment biases such as those examined by Foa et al. (1996) and McManus, Clark, and Hackmann (2000), and biased interpretation of ambiguous events (Stopa & Clark, 2000; Amir, Foa, & Coles, 1998) may be tapping into the same construct (Voncken, Bogels, & de Vries, 2003), the eff…”
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Interpretation biases in angry and anxious individuals
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Cognitive Bias in Adolescents with Social Anxiety Disorder
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Inferring other people's states of mind: Comparison across social anxiety, body dysmorphic, and obsessive–compulsive disorders
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Cost and Probability Biases in Social Phobia: Evaluating Their Relation to Attention Bias and Treatment Outcome
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Authors: Foa, E. B., Franklin, M. E., Perry, K. J., & Herbert, J. D.
ORCID: Foa, Edna B.
Franklin, Martin E.
Venue: Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1996-08
Volume: 105
Issue: 3
Pages: 433-439
ISSN: 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
1939-1846
DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.105.3.433
OpenAlex: W2014773448
Cited by: 416
References: 17
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 7.27
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r10mh049340-04)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords: generalized social phobia, cognitive biases, probability estimation, cost estimation, cognitive behavioral therapy, anxiety maintenance, emotional processing theory, social anxiety
MeSH terms: Adult, Arousal, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Inventory, Phobic Disorders, Role Playing, Set, Psychology, Social Perception, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome

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Cognitive biases in generalized social phobia

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