Positive Interpretation Training: Effects of Mental Imagery Versus Verbal Training on Positive Mood
Abstract
Therapists often assume a special association between mental imagery and emotion, though empirical evidence has been lacking. Using an interpretation training paradigm, we previously found that imagery had a greater impact on anxiety than did verbal processing of the same material (Holmes & Mathews, 2005). Although the finding of a differential impact of imagery versus verbal processing of negative material was replicated, findings did not extend to benign material. Results therefore left open the question of whether there may be a special association between imagery and positive emotion. The current experiment examined positive interpretation training. Numerous scenarios were presented with initial ambiguity as to positive outcome or not, with final information then yielding consistently positive resolutions. Participants were asked to either imagine these positive events or to listen to the same descriptions while thinking about their verbal meaning. Those participants in the imagery condition reported greater increases in positive affect and rated new descriptions as being more positive than did those in the verbal condition. Results suggest that positive training can be enhanced through imagery as opposed to verbal processing. This study also provides the first test of a standardized intervention using an "interpretive bias training" paradigm to improve positive mood.
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Relative to visual mental imagery, instructions to think verbally about hypothetical scenarios can lead to reductions in mood and susceptibility to negative mood induction, even for positive scenarios.
“Relative to visual mental imagery, instructions to think verbally about hypothetical scenarios can lead to reductions in mood (Holmes et al., 2006) and susceptibility to a subsequent negative mood induction, even when the imagined scenarios are positive (Holmes et al., 2009).”
From Inner Speech: Development, Cognitive Functions, Phenomenology, and Neurobiology (2015) · cites this paper as Holmes et al., 2006
Imagery has long been assumed to have a special link with emotions.
“Imagery has long been assumed to have a special link with emotions [18].”
From How to boost positive interpretations? A Meta-Analysis of the effectiveness of cognitive bias modification for interpretation (2014) · cites this paper as [18]
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- Authors
- Holmes, E. A., Mathews, A., Dalgleish, T., & Mackintosh, B.
- Affiliations
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Holmes, Emily A.
- Venue
- Behavior Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 237-247
- ISSN
- 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1997912580
- Cited by
- 391
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 13.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- mental imagery, verbal processing, positive mood, interpretation training, positive affect, emotion regulation, cognitive training intervention, ambiguous scenarios
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Cognition, Female, Humans, Imagination, Male, Practice, Psychological, Reference Values, Set, Psychology, Verbal Learning, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Imagery, Psychotherapy, Mood Disorders
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