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Cited by 45Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychotherapy Techniques and Applications

Effects of live exposure on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder: the role of reduced behavioral avoidance in improvement

Şalcıoğlu, Ebru, Başoğlu, Metin, Livanou, Maria·2007·Behaviour Research and Therapy
DOI 10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.012
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Abstract

Although the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatment in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is well established, few studies examined its effects on individual PTSD symptoms and possible mechanisms of improvement in symptoms. In a previous randomized controlled study [Başog lu, M., Salciog lu, E., Livanou, M., Kalender, D., & Acar, G. (2005). Single-session behavioral treatment of earthquake-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized waitlist controlled trial. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 1-11] a single session of behavioral treatment involving self-exposure instructions was highly effective in reducing earthquake-related PTSD. In the present study we examined the effects of treatment on each PTSD symptom and which symptoms improved early in treatment. Because the intervention focused solely on behavioral avoidance, we hypothesized that avoidance would be the first symptom to change and that reduction in avoidance would generalize to all other symptoms. The results showed significant between-groups treatment effect on only behavioral avoidance early in treatment (week 6). At 6 months post-treatment recovery rates ranged from 60% to 89% for 15 PTSD symptoms, including the numbing symptoms. Lack of improvement in avoidance was associated with lack of improvement in 12 symptoms. The critical process in recovery thus appeared to be increased sense of control associated with reduction in avoidance. These findings imply that live exposure to fear cues designed to enhance sense of control might be sufficient for recovery from PTSD.

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  • The seven adult studies included control-focused behavioural treatment for earthquake survivors in Turkey, a parenting intervention, testimony therapy in Mozambique, trauma healing and reconciliation workshops in Burundi, and narrative exposure therapy for refugees in Uganda and orphans and widows in Rwanda.

    “The seven studies in adults consisted of a control-focused behavioural treatment of earthquake survivors in Turkey (self-exposure to earthquake-related fears and cessation of avoidance to increase their sense of control),50–52 the aforementioned parenting intervention (weekly group meetings to discuss parent–child interactions and coping strategies),56 testimony therapy for war-affected people in”

    From Mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings: linking practice and research (2011) · cites this paper as [52]

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Authors
Şalcıoğlu, E., Başoğlu, M., & Livanou, M.
Affiliations
University of London (GB)
Corresponding author
Başoğlu, Metin
ORCID
Venue
Behaviour Research and Therapy
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2007-10
Volume
45
Issue
10
Pages
2268-2279
ISSN
0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.012
OpenAlex
W2048249297
Cited by
45
References
54
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
FWCI
3.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UBIR (University of Greater Manchester) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Keywords
post-traumatic stress disorder, behavioral avoidance, cognitive behavioral therapy, single-session intervention, perceived control, symptom recovery, numbing symptoms
MeSH terms
Adult, Analysis of Variance, Avoidance Learning, Behavior Therapy, Cues, Disasters, Fear, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Chi-Square Distribution, Treatment Outcome

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