A randomized controlled study of single-session behavioural treatment of earthquake-related post-traumatic stress disorder using an earthquake simulator
Abstract
Background. Brief interventions are needed in dealing with traumatic stress problems in large survivor populations after devastating earthquakes. The present study examined the effectiveness of a single session of exposure to simulated tremors in an earthquake simulator and self-exposure instructions in reducing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method. Participants were consecutively recruited from among survivors screened during field surveys in the disaster region in Turkey. Thirty-one earthquake survivors with PTSD were assigned either to a single session of behavioural treatment (n=16) or to repeated assessments (RA; n=15). Assessments in the treatment group were at 4, 8, 12, 24 weeks and 1–2 years post-treatment. The RA cases were assessed at baseline and 4 and 8 weeks after trial entry, after which they received the same treatment and were followed up at 4, 12, 24 weeks and 1–2 years. Results. Between-group treatment effects at week 8 were significant on measures of fear, PTSD and self- and assessor-rated global improvement. Improvement rates were 40% at week 4, 72% at week 12, 80% at week 24, and 80% at 1–2-years' follow-up, with large effect sizes on fear and PTSD measures. Post-session reduction in fear of earthquakes and increased sense of control over fear at follow-up related to improvement in PTSD. Conclusion. The study provided further evidence of the effectiveness of a single session of behavioural treatment in reducing fear and PTSD in earthquake survivors. Future research needs to examine the usefulness of earthquake simulators in increasing psychological preparedness for earthquakes.
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The seven adult studies included control-focused behavioural treatment for earthquake survivors in Turkey, a parenting intervention, testimony therapy in Mozambique, trauma healing and reconciliation workshops in Burundi, and narrative exposure therapy for refugees in Uganda and orphans and widows in Rwanda.
“The seven studies in adults consisted of a control-focused behavioural treatment of earthquake survivors in Turkey (self-exposure to earthquake-related fears and cessation of avoidance to increase their sense of control),50–52 the aforementioned parenting intervention (weekly group meetings to discuss parent–child interactions and coping strategies),56 testimony therapy for war-affected people in”
From Mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings: linking practice and research (2011) · cites this paper as [50]
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- Authors
- BAŞOĞLU, M., ŞALCIOĞLU, E., & LIVANOU, M.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- ORCID
- LIVANOU, MARIA
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2006-10-23
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 203-213
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W1968330132
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 8.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UBIR (University of Greater Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Emergency Medical Services › Disaster Response and Management
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, earthquake survivors, earthquake simulator, brief psychological intervention, earthquake fear, perceived control, disaster mental health, psychological preparedness
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Behavior Therapy, Computer Simulation, Disasters, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Turkey, Prevalence, Survivors
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