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Improving access to psychological treatments: Lessons from developing countries
Open accessAbstract
Even though psychological treatments have been advocated as treatments for a range of mental disorders by the WHO for scaling up through primary care globally, the vast majority of potential beneficiaries are unable to access these treatments. Two major barriers impede the path between evidence based treatments and improved access: the lack of skilled human resources and the acceptability of treatments across cultures. This essay synthesizes the experiences of programs which developed and evaluated psychological treatments for depression in three resource poor developing countries. These programs addressed the human resource barrier by training lay or community health workers to deliver the treatments and addressed the acceptability barrier by systematically adapting the treatment to contextual factors. All programs demonstrated significant benefits in recovery rates when compared with usual care demonstrating the effectiveness of the approach. The implications for these experiences to improving access to psychological treatments in the global context are discussed.
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“Innovative strategies for disorders such as anxiety and depression involve training community health workers (Patel, Chowdhary, Rahman, & Verdeli, 2011), and this remains to be done following trauma.”
From Intrusive memories of trauma: A target for research bridging cognitive science and its clinical application (2019) · cites this paper as Patel, Chowdhary, Rahman, & Verdeli, 2011
In the citing paper
“The DSM/ICD approach, considering melancholic and psychotic features as 'specifiers' or 'qualifiers' to the diagnosis of depression, rather than assuming that melancholia and psychotic depression are distinct diagnostic entities, is also supported by the evidence that, in many people with recurrent depression, some episodes are either psychotic or melancholic and some others are not. 58,86”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [86]
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Cites
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“The challenges to implementing evidence-based PTs are enormous: several barriers have been identified ranging from inadequate investments in mental health care to stigma associated with mental illness (Saraceno et al., 2007).”
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“A rapidly growing evidence testifies to the large burden and adverse impact of mental illness in the global context and the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of specific treatments and delivery systems in low resource settings (Patel et al., 2007; Patel & Thornicroft, 2009).”
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“All three trials have published their primary results (Bolton et al., 2003; Patel et al., 2010b; Rahman, Malik, Sikander, Roberts, & Creed, 2008) as well as the methods to adapt the PT for the local context (Chatterjee et al.”
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“There is a growing evidence base in HIC on improving access to PTs for ethnic minority groups who have traditionally been under-represented in PT services (Miranda et al., 2005).”
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“The research clearly demonstrates that mental health programs should conduct adequate formative research when integrating mental health interventions into a new context, particularly when they are translating research from one locality to another (Patel et al., 2011).”
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“A number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have now been completed on some of these interventions in lower resource settings using a task-sharing approach in which providers with limited mental health training or education provided the intervention [2,3].”
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“The authors do use shorter initial trainings, in line with recommendations for training lay counselors [11], but the ongoing supervision and consultation is time intensive.”
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“Thinking too much”: a systematic review of a common idiom of distress
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“For example, numerous successful global mental health trials have shown increased feasibility and acceptability by framing interventions in the context of locally acceptable, non-pathological terms for distress (Patel et al., 2011).”
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“Tasks can be shifted and shared with specialists supporting primary care providers and community health workers to routinely identify patients who need care (case finding); assess risk factors; educate patients about their illnesses, risk factors, and treatment; intervene with a combination of brief evidence based pha…”
BackgroundWeiss, W. M., Murray, L. K., Zangana, G. A. S., Mahmooth, Z., Kaysen, D., Dorsey, S., Lindgren, K., Gross, A., Murray, S. M., Bass, J. K., et al. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0622-7 · Cited by 206
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“Training LHWs to increase the reach of EBTs in settings with an inadequate workforce may help vulnerable, underserved populations receive quality mental health care (Collins et al. 2011, Kazdin & Rabbitt 2013, Patel et al. 2011, van Ginneken et al. 2013).”
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Asher, L., Patel, V., & Silva, M. J. D. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1516-7 · Cited by 171
“However there have been several successful cultural adaptions of psychosocial interventions across settings and mental disorders [24, 25].”
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Murray, L. K., Familiar, I., Skavenski, S. V. W., Jere, E., Cohen, J., Imasiku, M. L., Mayeya, J., Bass, J., & Bolton, P. A. (2013) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.04.017 · Cited by 167
“Conclusions This study fills a critical gap in addressing global trauma within children and youth in LMIC by highlighting a collaborative partnership between an NGO and an academic partner that evaluated the feasibility of an EBT (TF-CBT).”
ResultInfluentialClarke, K., King, M., & Prost, A. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001541 · Cited by 122
“Despite these apparent benefits of psychological interventions for common mental disorders, the interventions must be adapted for individual contexts [68].”
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“These include lack of skilled mental health professionals available to intervene and the need to utilize and up-skill lay counsellors to meet the demand ethically with targeted training and consistent expert supervision (Breuer et al., 2011; Mendenhall et al., 2014; Patel et al., 2011; Petersen et al., 2011; Ventevoge…”
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“Further, studies have revealed that context and culture are important factors influencing people’s attitudes to medical treatment for mental health problems in poor countries.(23,24) A systematic review found that women in developing countries did not share their problems with family members, and were also reluctant t…”
Self-citationBrooke‐Sumner, C., Petersen, I., Asher, L., Mall, S., Egbe, C. O., & Lund, C. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0400-6 · Cited by 110
“However, this approach has yet to be applied extensively in LMIC contexts.”
BackgroundInfluentialMental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian emergencies
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Global Mental Health: concepts, conflicts and controversies
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“This includes further articles in The Lancet (e.g., Patel et al. 2011a), Nature (Collins et al. 2011) and JAMA (Patel & Prince, 2010).”
BackgroundVentevogel, P., van de Put, W., Faiz, H., van Mierlo, B., Siddiqi, M., & Komproe, I. H. (2012) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001225 · Cited by 102
“People with a limited background in mental health care can deliver integrated services, once their tasks are integrated within a system of care that includes focused, competency-based trainings, regular supervision, and refresher training [30].”
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“This is similar to other research examining adaptations of EBTs in adults [17,18,84].”
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“The adaptation was consistent with previous reports that only limited modification is needed for EBT from HIC to be feasible and effective in LMIC (e.g., Murray et al., 2013; Patel et al., 2011).”
InfluentialAccuracy of proactive case finding for mental disorders by community informants in Nepal
Jordans, M. J. D., Kohrt, B. A., Luitel, N. P., Komproe, I. H., & Lund, C. (2015) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.141077 · Cited by 96
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“An alternative to using health professionals (such as doctors and nurses) to provide psychotherapeutic interventions is to train community health workers for these tasks (Patel et al. 2011).”
BackgroundPrevalence and incidence of perinatal depression and depressive symptoms among Mexican women
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“Resources permitting, treatment should be provided for depressed mothers (Dennis and Hodnett, 2007; Rojas et al, 2007; Patel et al., 2011).”
BackgroundAsher, L., Fekadu, A., Hanlon, C., Mideksa, G., Eaton, J., Patel, V., & Silva, M. J. D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143572 · Cited by 88
Self-citationDemand and access to mental health services: a qualitative formative study in Nepal
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“This has challenging implications for mental health intervention work; failures to systematically apply understanding of such cultural aspects mental health understandings can present a major barrier to demand and access [17,18].”
BackgroundTalking sensibly about depression
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“A key lesson from programs seeking to enhance access to care and the acceptability of psychological treatments for depression in the global context is that most innovators avoid psychiatric labels in favour of contextually informed metaphors and explanations [30].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPatel, V. (2014) · Intervention · doi:10.1097/wtf.0000000000000065 · Cited by 80
“Integrating culturally appropriate explanatory models and nonspecialist labels into interventions, going even as far as not using terms such as depression at all, is the hallmark of accessible and e¡ective mental health care interventions (Patel et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPoverty, Depression, and Anxiety: Causal Evidence and Mechanisms
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“Studies have also examined the feasibility and cultural modification of EBT [27 – 32].”
BackgroundMental health in the global south
Pendse, S. R., Karusala, N., Siddarth, D., Gonsalves, P. P., Mehrotra, S., Naslund, J. A., Sood, M., Kumar, N., & Sharma, A. (2019) · ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies (COMPASS) · doi:10.1145/3314344.3332483 · Cited by 73
“" Additionally, access to mental healthcare in LMICs is incredibly limited [95], particularly for those who are living in poverty [69].”
BackgroundWhy we heal: The evolution of psychological healing and implications for global mental health
Kohrt, B. A., Ottman, K. E., Panter‐Brick, C., Konner, M. J., & Patel, V. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101920 · Cited by 88
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“…of CBT from more developed counties because of potential difficulties with cultural fit, acceptability and huge differential in resources (Patel et al., 2011), our study aimed to fill this gap by assessing the effects of a schoolbased group CBT programme on depressive symptoms and…”
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“Refugee host countries lack capacity to deploy evidence-based psychological treatments at the scale needed as they typically require face-to-face contact with a therapist/lay worker (Patel et al., 2011) alongside interpreters (Ullmann et al.”
BackgroundSuicide ideation, depression and HIV among pregnant women in rural South Africa
Rochat, T., Bland, R., Tomlinson, M., & Stein, A. L. (2013) · Health · doi:10.4236/health.2013.53a086 · Cited by 67
“Suicide ideation among pregnant women in LMICs represents an important global mental health concern, in particular in HIV epidemic settings.”
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“A limited budget for mental health, poor access to services and limited infrastructure, as well as the small number of available mental health professionals contribute to this high non-treatment rate (WHO, 2008; Eaton et al. 2011; Patel et al. 2011).”
Weissbecker, I., Hanna, F., El Shazly, M., Gao, J., & Ventevogel, P. (2019) · An Uncertain Safety · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72914-5_6 · Cited by 61
Hulbert-Williams, N. J., & Storey, L. (2016) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-015-3050-9 · Cited by 56
Sorsdahl, K. R., MYERS, B. J., Ward, C. L., Matzopoulos, R., Mtukushe, B., Nicol, A. J., Cuijpers, P. J., & Stein, D. J. (2014) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2014.897770 · Cited by 59
“These findings support emerging evidence, which indicates that lay counsellors or non-speciality health personnel can be trained to deliver brief psychosocial interventions (Patel et al., 2011), including PST (Chibanda et al.”
BackgroundGlobal mental health and neuroscience: potential synergies
Stein, D. J., He, Y., Phillips, A. G., Sahakian, B. J., Williams, J. H. H., & Patel, V. (2015) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00014-0 · Cited by 61
Self-citationDecosimo, C. A., Hanson, J., Quinn, M., Badu, P., & Smith, E. G. (2019) · Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2019.1 · Cited by 57
“As a result, relying on trained mental health professionals in communities will only address a minuscule fraction of the population in need due to limited trained professionals (Patel et al., 2011).”
BackgroundFýlkesnes, K., Sandøy, I. F., Jürgensen, M., Chipimo, P. J., Mwangala, S., & Michelo, C. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.02.036 · Cited by 57
Dawson, K. S., Joscelyne, A., Meijer, C., Steel, Z., Silove, D. M., & Bryant, R. A. (2017) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867417714333 · Cited by 61
“To address the need for better access to mental health services in LMICs, recent efforts have emphasized taskshifting, in which non-specialists are trained to deliver mental health interventions (Patel et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSetting priorities for mental health care in Nepal: a formative study
Jordans, M. J. D., Luitel, N. P., Tomlinson, M., & Komproe, I. H. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-332 · Cited by 56
“We believe that a comprehensive methodology to identify and address barriers to acceptability and feasibility is important especially when applying mental health interventions cross-culturally [27].”
Gustafson, E. L., Atkins, M. S., & Rusch, D. B. (2018) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12274 · Cited by 56
Ruzek, J. I., & Yeager, C. M. (2017) · Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2017.11 · Cited by 54
“…settings include a lack of skilled human resources, limited funding and infrastructure, centralization and inequitable distribution of services, social stigma associated with help-seeking, and cultural appropriateness and acceptability (Kohn et al. 2004; Saraceno et al. 2007; Patel et al. 2011).”
BackgroundKilpela, L. S., Hill, K. A., Kelly, M. C., Elmquist, J., Ottoson, P. E., Keith, D., Hildebrandt, T., & Becker, C. B. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.09.005 · Cited by 54
Shorey, S., & Chan, V. (2020) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2020.104254 · Cited by 56
Huang, H. Y., Faisal‐Cury, A., Chan, Y.-F., Tabb, K. M., Katon, W. J., & Menezes, P. R. (2012) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-012-0263-5 · Cited by 52
Murray, L. K., Skavenski, S. V. W., Michalopoulos, L., Bolton, P. A., Bass, J., Familiar, I., Imasiku, M. L., & Cohen, J. A. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.859079 · Cited by 52
“This is supported by a small literature on examining the cultural adaptation of EBT in LMIC such as interpersonal psychotherapy (Patel et al., 2011; Verdeli et al., 2003; Verdeli et al., 2008) and cognitive processing therapy (Kaysen et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMental health care and delivery system at Temeke hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Ambikile, J. S., & Iseselo, M. K. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1271-9 · Cited by 55
“Lack of other services associated with mental health such as psychotherapy and occupational therapy have also been reported and attributed to lack of skilled human resources and the acceptability of treatments across cultures [29].”
BackgroundWhere is the global in global mental health? A call for inclusive multicultural collaboration
Osborn, T. L., Wasil, A. R., Weisz, J. R., Kleinman, A., & Ndetei, D. M. (2020) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100351 · Cited by 50
Barriers to mental health service utilisation in Sudan - perspectives of carers and psychiatrists
Ali, S. H., & Agyapong, V. I. O. (2015) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1280-2 · Cited by 46
“In addition, improving public awareness through using pictures, posters, religious idioms, and simple language for communication was suggested as a means of improving mental health services utilization in an article that discussed the experience of programs in different low income settings [26].”
BackgroundChaudhury, S., Brown, F. L., Kirk, C. M., Mukunzi, S., Nyirandagijimana, B., Mukandanga, J., Ukundineza, C., Godfrey, K., Ng, L. C., Brennan, R. T., et al. (2016) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2016.1176686 · Cited by 48
Sijbrandij, M., Farooq, S., Bryant, R. A., Dawson, K., Hamdani, S. U., Chiumento, A., Minhas, F., Saeed, K., Rahman, A., & van Ommeren, M. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0602-y · Cited by 48
“For interventions to be scalable in LMIC settings, they should be of short duration and sufficiently simple that they can be carried out by lay people in the community [8],”
BackgroundSelf-citationPatel, V. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.04.016 · Cited by 48
“Such models of care have been shown to be extremely effective in improving recovery rates in trials in LMIC [9].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationBrennan, L., FEIN, D. A., Çomo, A., Carcani-Rathwell, I., & Chen, C. A. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2875-5 · Cited by 47
Praharso, N. F., Pols, H., & Tiliopoulos, N. (2020) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102168 · Cited by 47
Nakimuli‐Mpungu, E., Wamala, K., Okello, J., Alderman, S., Odokonyero, R. F., Musisi, S., Mojtabai, R., & Mills, E. J. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.005 · Cited by 45
“However, the vast majority of individuals who need these treatments in low resource settings do not have access to them(Patel et al., 2011) Further, it was observed that individual counseling interventions may not be the best way to deal with the way HIV/AIDS disrupts the social fabric of communities (UNAIDS/WHO, 2004…”
BackgroundBedi, R. P. (2018) · Archives of Scientific Psychology · doi:10.1037/arc0000047 · Cited by 57
“Instead, in a task-sharing approach (Patel et al., 2011), briefly trained, nonspecialist health and community workers (with little to no previous mental health treatment experience) and even lay individuals are being utilized to effectively provide highly demarcated Western psychological…”
BackgroundInfluentialWoods-Jaeger, B. A., Kava, C. M., Akiba, C. F., Lucid, L., & Dorsey, S. (2017) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000170 · Cited by 44
“In addition to using lay counselors, specific attention to ensuring that interventions implemented in LMICs are culturally appropriate has been supported through actions such as conducting in-depth interviews or focus groups with healthcare providers and consumers to inform implementation (O'Donnell et al., 2014; Pate…”
BackgroundLudwick, T., Morgan, A., Kane, S. S., Kelaher, M., & McPake, B. (2020) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czaa049 · Cited by 44
“For example, while HIV counselling and testing, screening, and psychological treatment can be carried out by other professional cadres, many LMICs simply do not have sufficient human resources to achieve wide coverage in the absence of CHWs who can be more rapidly trained and employed at lower costs (Haines et al., 20…”
BackgroundThe Long-Run Effects of Psychotherapy on Depression, Beliefs, and Economic OutcomesPreprint
Bhat, B., de Quidt, J., Haushofer, J., Patel, V., Rao, G., Schilbach, F., & Vautrey, P.-L. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.3386/w30011 · Cited by 42
“A promising solution is the development of inexpensive treatments to be delivered by non-specialist counselors (Patel et al., 2009, 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDawson, K. S., Schafer, A., Anjuri, D., Ndogoni, L., Musyoki, C., Sijbrandij, M., van Ommeren, M., & Bryant, R. A. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1117-x · Cited by 43
“There is growing evidence for the applicability of psychological interventions by non-specialists in LMICs [11, 12].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWilksch, S. M., O’Shea, A. E., Taylor, C. B., Wilfley, D. E., Jacobi, C., & Wade, T. D. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717003567 · Cited by 41
“Online delivery holds the appeal of sidestepping two important gaps in reducing the burden of mental illness (Patel et al. 2011; Kazdin et al. 2017): the research-practice gap (efficacious delivery of evidence-based programs in the real world); and, the treatment gap (discrepancy between those who…”
Barriers and drivers to service delivery in global mental health projects
Qureshi, O., Endale, T., Ryan, G. K., Esponda, G. M., Iyer, S. N., Eaton, J., Silva, M. J. D., & Murphy, J. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-020-00427-x · Cited by 51
Aurizki, G. E., & Wilson, I. (2022) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.13046 · Cited by 46
“Despite the shortage, the conventional model of mental healthcare deliveries (i.e. one-to-one treatment session, at a health-care facility and by a highly qualified provider) is still widely implemented (Kazdin, 2017; Patel et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSpanhel, K., Hovestadt, E., Lehr, D., Spiegelhalder, K., Baumeister, H., Bengel, J., & Sander, L. B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.832196 · Cited by 37
“To overcome mental healthcare barriers, various approaches have been proposed (20, 21), among them (a) using scalable and low-threshold treatment formats, (b) addressing somatically perceived and transdiagnostic symptoms, and (c) culturally adapting treatments.”
BackgroundCorrelates of expected eMental Health intervention uptake among Filipino domestic workers in China
Hall, B. J., Shi, W., Garabiles, M. R., & Chan, E. W. W. (2018) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2018.25 · Cited by 39
“Among migrants who live in countries where the mental health care system is not well developed, or insurance is not provided to access these services, mental health treatment will simply not be available (Lindert et al. 2009; Eaton et al. 2011; Patel et al. 2011; Hall et al. 2017).”
BackgroundComorbidity of mental and physical disorders
(2014) · Key Issues in Mental Health · doi:10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-02604-7 · Cited by 37
Brooke‐Sumner, C., Selohilwe, O., Mazibuko, M. S., & Petersen, I. (2018) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-018-0318-9 · Cited by 40
Beshai, S., Bueno, C., Yu, M., Feeney, J. R., & Pitariu, A. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103724 · Cited by 43
Metadata
- Authors
- Patel, V., Chowdhary, N., Rahman, A., & Verdeli, H.
- Affiliations
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Columbia University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Patel, Vikram
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-09
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 523-528
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3242164
- OpenAlex
- W2167993523
- Cited by
- 394
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 22.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (MH071530)
- NIMH K23 Award
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Keywords
- access to psychological treatment, depression, community health workers, lay health workers, treatment acceptability, cultural adaptation, mental health professionals, primary care, resource-limited settings, developing countries, recovery rate
- MeSH terms
- Workforce, Mental Disorders, Community Health Workers, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Health Resources, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Mental Health Services, Poverty, Rural Population, Developed Countries
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