The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet; 4 of the 42 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The role of negative affectivity and negative reactivity to emotions in predicting outcomes in the unified protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders
Open accessAbstract
The present study aimed to understand the contributions of both the trait tendency to experience negative emotions and how one relates to such experience in predicting symptom change during participation in the Unified Protocol (UP), a transdiagnostic treatment for emotional disorders. Data were derived from a randomized controlled trial comparing the UP to a waitlist control/delayed-treatment condition. First, effect sizes of pre- to post-treatment change for frequency of negative emotions and several variables measuring reactivity to emotional experience (emotional awareness and acceptance, fear of emotions, and anxiety sensitivity) were examined. Second, the relative contributions of change in negative emotions and emotional reactivity in predicting symptom (clinician-rated anxiety, depression, and severity of principal diagnosis) reductions were investigated. Results suggested that decreases in the frequency of negative emotions and reactivity to emotions following participation in the UP were both large in magnitude. Further, two emotional reactivity variables (fear of emotions and anxiety sensitivity) remained significantly related to symptom outcomes when controlling for negative emotions, and accounted for significant incremental variance in their prediction. These findings lend support to the notion that psychological health depends less on the frequency of negative emotions and more on how one relates to these emotions when they occur. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.
Verified 2026-10-05 · 1 reference not checked yet
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4 of 42 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The UP addresses heightened negative reactivity to emotions by identifying maladaptive responses to emotions and developing more effective strategies to manage these experiences (Ellard et al., 2010).”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Ellard et al., 2010 source
The Development section says the UP seeks to identify and correct maladaptive attempts to regulate emotional experiences. The Study 2 Key Modifications section says it explores dysfunctional emotion-regulation strategies and teaches more adaptive skills; the Introduction identifies increased negative affect and maladaptive regulation as treatment targets. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results suggested that decreases in the frequency of negative emotions and reactivity to emotions following participation in the UP were both large in magnitude.”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results suggested that decreases in the frequency of negative emotions and reactivity to emotions following participation in the UP were both large in magnitude.”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Change in the emotional reactivity variables targeted by the UP all represented large effects, as did change in negative affect”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While change in negative affect accounted for a significant amount of variance in predicting change in depression (22%)”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants in the UP experienced decreased frequency of negative affect (PANAS-NA), fear of emotions (ACS), and sensitivity to anxiety symptoms (ASI) and increased awareness and acceptance of emotions (ERSQ).”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the addition of change in fear of emotions and assigned at step 2 accounted for an additional 42% of the variance”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants in the UP experienced decreased frequency of negative affect (PANAS-NA), fear of emotions (ACS), and sensitivity to anxiety symptoms (ASI) and increased awareness and acceptance of emotions (ERSQ).”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, change in fear of emotions and sensitivity to anxiety accounted for an additional 25% of the variance in change in clinical severity”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants in the UP experienced decreased frequency of negative affect (PANAS-NA), fear of emotions (ACS), and sensitivity to anxiety symptoms (ASI) and increased awareness and acceptance of emotions (ERSQ).”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 22
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The ACS has demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and convergent validity (Williams et al., 1997).”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Williams et al., 1997 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passages from “Latent Structure of Emotional Disorders” discuss affective dimensions, and “Preliminary Data” reports treatment outcomes; neither addresses the Affective Control Scale’s psychometric properties. Searches for the scale, internal consistency, convergent validity, and Williams et al. (1997) found no relevant passage in our copy. Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Emotional disorders are characterized by a tendency to experience steep increases in affect in response to environmental stimuli and, subsequently, interpret these emotional experiences as harmful (Andrews, 1990; Andrews, 1996; Brown & Barlow, 2009).”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Andrews, 1990 source
- Not matchedcites Andrews, 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Brown & Barlow, 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “A New Proposal for a Dimensional Classification System” (page unavailable), the paper describes discrete eruptions of emotion, including fear triggered by internal or external cues, and apprehension about anxiety or panic symptoms. These examples support parts of the claim, but the paper does not characterize emotional disorders generally as a sequence of sharp affective increases in response to environmental stimuli followed by interpreting those experiences as harmful. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This commonly used measure has demonstrated good levels of interrater and test-retest reliability, as well as convergent validity with similar clinician rated and self-report measures of depression symptoms (Shear et al., 2001).”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Shear et al., 2001 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Reliability section reports good HAM-A test–retest reliability (ICC 0.86) and interrater reliability (ICC 0.98). The Validity of SIGH-A as a Measure of Hamilton Anxiety Score section reports correlations with the clinician-rated SIGH-A and the self-report Beck Anxiety Inventory, but these measure anxiety, not depression symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, two emotional reactivity variables (fear of emotions and anxiety sensitivity) remained significantly related to symptom outcomes when controlling for negative emotions, and accounted for significant incremental variance in their prediction.”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, two emotional reactivity variables (fear of emotions and anxiety sensitivity) remained significantly related to symptom outcomes when controlling for negative emotions, and accounted for significant incremental variance in their prediction.”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increased awareness and acceptance of emotions (ERSQ) was associated with decreases on depression and anxiety scores, but not on clinical severity scores.”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“negative emotions and fear of emotions accounted for 10% and 7% of the variance in principal diagnosis severity rating, respectively, yet these predictors were not statistically significant.”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“when entered into the model change in fear of emotions and sensitivity to anxiety accounted for significant additional variance (42%) and rendered negative affect no longer significant in the prediction of change in anxiety.”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Decreases in fear of emotions remained significantly associated with decreases in depression and anxiety (but not to clinical severity), while decreases in sensitivity to anxiety remained related to depression and clinical severity (but not to anxiety), after controlling for decreases in negative affect.”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Change in negative affect predicted 10% of the variance in clinical severity ratings but was not a statistically significant predictor.”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Findings from recent research suggest that the various symptoms of emotional disorders are in fact manifestations of common underlying factors. Such underlying factors include prominently the core temperamental dimension of neuroticism, an enduring tendency to experience negative affect (Brown, Chorpita, & Barlow, 1998; Gershuny & Sher, 1998; Kasch, Rottenberg, Arnow, & Gotlib, 2002; Watson, Clark”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“All individuals were stable on the same dose for at least 3 months prior to enrolling in the study as a condition for participation in the study, and all agreed to maintain these dosages and medications for the duration of the study (for a description of medication stability compliance, see Farchione et al., in press).”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Participants
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Farchione et al., in press
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A hypothesized mechanism through which decreased negative reactivity may lead to improvements in psychological functioning is decreased emotional avoidance.”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In contrast, acknowledging, understanding, and accepting the full range of internal experience (without attempts to change or reduce it) is thought to be important for symptom reduction (Hayes, Follette, & Linehan, 2004).”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Hayes, Follette, & Linehan, 2004
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The ASI has demonstrated good internal consistency and convergent validity (Peterson & Reiss, 1987; Vujanovic, Arrindell, Bernstein, Norton, & Zvolensky, 2007).”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Peterson & Reiss, 1987
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vujanovic, Arrindell, Bernstein, Norton, & Zvolensky, 2007 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“As reported by Farchione et al. (in press), no group differences were observed for age or gender.”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Participants
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Farchione et al. (in press)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The Unified Protocol (UP) for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional disorders is a cognitive-behavioral intervention recently developed to address anxiety, depression and related disorders (somatoform and dissociative disorders), or “emotional disorders” (Barlow et al., 2011).”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barlow et al., 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The ERSQ has demonstrated high internal consistency (α = .90) and adequate test-retest reliability (rtt = .75). Additionally, positive associations with well-being and negative associations with psychopathology and emotion-regulation deficits have provided construct validity for this measure (Berking, Wupperman, Reichard, et al. 2008; Berking & Znoj, 2008).”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Berking, Wupperman, Reichard, et al. 2008 source
- Not matchedcites Berking & Znoj, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In fact, thought suppression has been associated with depression, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (Purdon, 1999).”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Purdon, 1999 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and that responses to mood shifts in daily life (rather than the moods themselves) have significant impact on the occurrence of depressive symptoms (Segal et al., 2002).”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Segal et al., 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the validation sample, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were high (α = .90; r = .71).”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, deliberately trying to conceal emotions from others has been associated with less adaptive functioning and reduced well-being (Gross & John, 2003)”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & John, 2003 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sixteen individuals were taking psychotropic medications at the time of enrollment and randomization.”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Participants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 16Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thirty-two out of 37 patients were considered treatment completers (see Procedure section for treatment completer criteria).”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Participants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 37Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This measure has demonstrated excellent to acceptable interrater reliability for the anxiety and mood disorders (Brown, Di Nardo, Lehman, & Campbell, 2001).”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brown, Di Nardo, Lehman, & Campbell, 2001 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Further, behaviors such as self-harm, substance abuse, and binge eating, have also been conceptualized as maladaptive negative reactions to emotions with the goal of pushing away this experience (Hayes, Wilson, Gifford, Follette & Strosahl, 1996).”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hayes, Wilson, Gifford, Follette & Strosahl, 1996 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“data were only collected at pre- and post-treatment, so temporal interpretation is limited.”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All therapists underwent extensive training and certification prior to treating study patients”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Procedure
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“all treatment completers (immediate treatment and post-waitlist delayed treatment participants) were combined into a single sample”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“treatment adherence was monitored during weekly supervision meetings.”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Procedure
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, these results indicate that decreased levels of negative emotions as well as decreased reactivity to them both contribute to symptom change.”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, these results suggest that both frequency of negative emotions and the extent to which one reacts strongly to them change to a large degree as a function of treatment with the UP.”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Independent evaluators who were trained to criterion reliability and blind to randomized condition, conducted semi-structured diagnostic clinical interviews and provided clinical ratings.”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Procedure
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This commonly used measure has demonstrated good levels of interrater and test-retest reliability (Williams, 1988), as well as concurrent validity with similar clinician rated and self-report measures of depression symptoms (Bech et al., 1992).”
§ The Role of Negative Affectivity and Negative Reactivity to Emotions in Predicting Outcomes in the Unified Protocol for the Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
What the sources say
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The question of whether symptom reductions depend on the frequency of negative emotions or on how they are managed has not been examined in a treatment outcome study.
“Despite being a central tenet of cognitive-behavioral therapy, the extent to which reductions in psychological symptoms are a function of the frequency of negative emotions or how they are managed has not been studied in the context of a treatment outcome study.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Unified Protocol is thought to address neuroticism by reducing reactivity to emotional experience.
“Given that the UP is posited to address neuroticism, thought to be a stable dimension of personality (Costa & McCrae, 1992), by decreasing reactivity to emotional experience, it is important to clarify what is changing as a function of treatment: the frequency with which patients experience negative emotions, or how they relate to negative emotions when these experiences occur.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Fear of emotions, anxiety sensitivity, and emotional awareness/acceptance are related but distinct indicators of reactivity to emotion.
“It is important to emphasize that the constructs of fear of emotions, anxiety sensitivity, and emotional awareness/acceptance are related, yet distinct markers of reactivity to emotion.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Trait neuroticism is marked by frequent and intense negative emotions.
“High frequency and intensity of negative emotions characterize trait neuroticism.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The tendency to experience negative emotions is a trait construct that temporally precedes learning skills to reduce reactivity.
“based on the a priori conception that the tendency to experience negative emotions is a trait construct with temporal precedence over learning new skills to decrease reactivity.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Strong reactions to emotions cause symptoms of depression and anxiety.
“A priori assumptions that the tendency to experience negative emotions is a trait-level construct and that strong reactions to emotions leads to symptoms of depression and anxiety shaped the formulation of analyses in this study.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Various studies have identified the role of recognition and acceptance of emotions in reducing the symptoms of disorders.”
From Emotion regulation as the mediator of reductions in anxiety and depression in the Unified Protocol (UP) for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: double-blind randomized clinical trial (2019) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Their results showed that improvement in how one reacts to one's emotions, more than reduction of negative emotions, can predict the severity of symptoms after treatment.”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Their results suggested that how people interact with negative emotions can better predict the treatment outcomes than the frequency of these emotions.”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Reductions in reactions to negative emotions (including fear of emotions and anxiety sensitivity) were significantly related to symptom change in the UP, above and beyond trait negative emotionality (Sauer-Zavala et al., 2012).”
From Within-person changes in aversive reactivity predict session-to-session reductions in anxiety and depression in the unified protocol. (2024) · cites this paper as Sauer-Zavala et al., 2012
Citations
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“Given that the UP is posited to address neuroticism, thought to be a stable dimension of personality (Costa & McCrae, 1992), by decreasing reactivity to emotional experience, it is important to clarify what is changing as a function of treatment: the frequency with which patients experience…”
Anxiety, sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness
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Paradoxical effects of thought suppression.
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Flagged first, then by citations
8 of the 61 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
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Items 101–160 of 160
Acceptance-based behavioral therapies for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2020) · Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Worrying · doi:10.1002/9781119189909.ch12 · Cited by 5
Kjærstad, H. L., Jespersen, A. E., Bech, J. L., Weidemann, S., Bjertrup, A. J., Hestbæk, E., Simonsen, S., Glenthøj, L. B., Nordentoft, M., Reveles, K., et al. (2024) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.11.006 · Cited by 5
Feasibility and clinical usefulness of the Unified Protocol in women survivors of violence
Osma, J., Quilez-Orden, A. B., Ferreres-Galán, V., Meseguer, M. C., & Ariza, S. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02226-z · Cited by 7
“These results are in line with those found in previous studies (e.g., Sauer-Zavala et al., 2012).”
Semcho, S. A., Southward, M. W., Stumpp, N. E., Smith, M. M., Fruhbauerova, M., & Sauer-Zavala, S. (2024) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2023.2254467 · Cited by 2
“Reductions in reactions to negative emotions (including fear of emotions and anxiety sensitivity) were significantly related to symptom change in the UP, above and beyond trait negative emotionality (Sauer-Zavala et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDas Unified Protocol zur Behandlung emotionaler Störungen: One size fits all?
Boettcher, J., Schaeuffele, C., & Renneberg, B. (2018) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-018-0282-4 · Cited by 4
Social reappraisal of emotions is linked with the social presence effect in the default mode network
Xie, X., Bertram, T., Zorjan, S., Horvat, M., Sorg, C., & Bratec, S. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1128916 · Cited by 4
“org emotion regulation and reactivity is crucial for the success of psychotherapy (80), yet the involvement of the default mode network in both supportive social presence and social reappraisal might make it more difficult or even unlikely for patients with affective disorders to benefit from the two social regulation…”
BackgroundAltman, B. R., & Earleywine, M. (2020) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650120967993 · Cited by 4
“, depression and anxiety), such as emotion dysregulation and perfectionism (Barlow et al., 2011; Sauer-Zavala et al., 2012).”
BackgroundZemestani, M., Davoudi, F., Farhadi, A., & Gallagher, M. W. (2021) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1990269 · Cited by 5
Self-citationSchürmann‐Vengels, J., Victor, P. P., Odyniec, P., Flückiger, C., Teismann, T., & Willutzki, U. (2022) · Clinical Psychology in Europe · doi:10.32872/cpe.7043 · Cited by 4
“Dysfunctional up-regulation of negative affect (NA) is a common feature in mental disorders (Aldao et al., 2010) and is successfully modified by CBT (Boumparis et al., 2016; Sauer-Zavala et al., 2012).”
BackgroundBernstein, E. E., LeBlanc, N. J., & McNally, R. J. (2022) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2098036 · Cited by 5
“25,26 Thus, it is well suited for this audience.”
Chiang, S., & Chen, W. (2025) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.70077 · Cited by 5
Roushani, K., Nejad, S. B., Arshadi, N., Honarmand, M. M., & Fakhri, A. (2016) · Razavi International Journal of Medicine · doi:10.17795/rijm41233 · Cited by 3
Rodriguez‐Moreno, S., Guillén, A. I., Wilner, J. G., Marín‐Martín, C., Cardona, N. D., Eustis, E. H., Farchione, T. J., Barlow, D. H., & Panadero, S. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-022-10335-8 · Cited by 4
“Drawing from previous research on the UP, we hypothesized that reductions in negative affect would be the main mechanism mediating the relationship between the UP and changes 1 3 210 in anxiety and depression symptoms (Sauer-Zavala et al., 2012).”
MethodResultSelf-citationLotfi, M., Bakhtiyari, M., farid, A. A. A., & Amini, M. (2013) · Practice in Clinical Psychology · Cited by 3
Gratz, K. L., Bentley, J. P., & Young, J. N. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000349 · Cited by 2
Relationship closeness as a protective factor against the sensitizing effect of adversity history
Duong, J. B., Carta, K. E., Walters, S. N., Fiallo, N. S., Benamu, D. I., Jumonville, G. A., Han, S. C., Kim, Y., Margolin, G., & Timmons, A. C. (2023) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075231185043 · Cited by 2
“Furthermore, it is well-documented that individuals with mood disorders experience more frequent, intense negative moods (Sauer-Zavala et al., 2012; Stangor & Walinga, 2019).”
BackgroundVollbehr, N. K., Booij, S. H., Hoenders, R. H. J., Ostafin, B. D., & Bartels‐Velthuis, A. A. (2024) · Personalized Medicine in Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pmip.2024.100123 · Cited by 3
“As feeling out of control with one ’ s emotions [17] and experiential avoidance [51] (as well as the opposite, acceptance of emotions) are both aspects of fear of emotion, we decided to operationalize this construct using both aspects.”
MethodLi, J., Li, C., & Tian, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1412203 · Cited by 2
Benuto, L. T., Reyes, S. R., Ramirez, V., Falcon-Ruiz, N., Villar, G., & Perez, O. F. R. (2025) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-025-02509-3 · Cited by 2
“The lowest number of UP treatment sessions delivered was 4 sessions [39, 45] while the highest was 18 sessions [37, 38, 40, 47, 49].”
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Behavioral Treatments
Roemer, L., Arbid, N., Martinez, J. H., & Orsillo, S. M. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803457-6.00008-8 · Cited by 4
Kang, M., Nan, J. K.-M., & Yuan, Y. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03902-5 · Cited by 3
“Negative affect is positively related to anxiety levels (Hughes & Kendall, 2009; Sauer-Zavala et al., 2012).”
BackgroundCognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Next Generation of Treatments
Mundy, E. A., & Hofmann, S. G. (2014) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.12.3.267 · Cited by 1
Rogers, A. H., Gallagher, M. W., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2023) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2023.2188229 · Cited by 2
“Additionally, there is merit in exploring individual difference factors, specifically negative affect-related, that may contribute to and exacerbate levels of pain tolerance and associated consequences, including emotional symptoms and disorders (Sauer-Zavala et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationArunya, B., Sudhir, P. M., & Arumugham, S. S. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100619 · Cited by 1
Servidio, R. C., Bartolo, M. G., Tenuta, F., Palermiti, A. L., Candreva, F., Ciccarelli, C., Costabile, A., Pagani, L. S., & Craig, F. (2024) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2024/8810153 · Cited by 3
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“Module selection was informed by established psycho-therapeutic concepts in PC [40, 44–46] and by their feasibility for realisation in PC.”
Gwertzman, G., & Tishby, O. (2025) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.70189 · Cited by 1
İngeç, Ö. E., Yorulmaz, O., Farchione, T. J., & BOSCHULTE, M. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70126 · Cited by 1
“For example, while Ellard et al. (2010) and Sauer‐Zavala et al. (2012) specifically reported a reduction in negative affect, Spencer‐Laitt et al. (2023) emphasized an increase in positive affect, especially in joviality.”
Fostering engagement in early sessions of transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Curreri, A. J., Farchione, T. J., & Wang, M. (2019) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000207 · Cited by 1
Future Directions in Developing and Evaluating Psychological Interventions
Sauer-Zavala, S. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316995808.026 · Cited by 1
Self-citationGhapanchi, A., Masjedi‐Arani, A., Sadeghi, A., Lighvan, M. A., Isfeedvajani, M. S., & Eslamipour, S. (2022) · Medical Science · doi:10.54905/disssi/v26i119/ms34e1964 · Cited by 1
“Previous studies indicated that targeting such common underlying factors decreases all symptoms of the disorder (Sauer-Zavala et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Type 2 Diabetes
Leung, S. L., Farchione, T. J., Eustis, E. H., PAPPALARDO, L. D., & Gonzalez, J. S. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197564295.003.0004 · Cited by 1
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Carleton, R. N., Krätzig, G. P., Sauer-Zavala, S. E., Neary, J. P., Lix, L. M., Fletcher, A. J., Afifi, T. O., Brunet, A., Martin, R. R., Hamelin, K. S., et al. (2022) · Promotion de la santé et prévention des maladies chroniques au Canada · doi:10.24095/hpcdp.42.8.02f · Cited by 1
Self-citationWhat is Neuroticism, and Can We Treat it?
Ametaj, A., Sauer-Zavala, S. E., & Barlow, D. H. (2015) · Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0383 · Cited by 1
Self-citationProblems of Mood Dysregulation
Sauer-Zavala, S. E., & Conklin, L. R. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118877142.ch19
Self-citationFear of emotion: Association with anxiety and depressive disorders and response to treatment
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The Origins, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Neuroticism: Back to the Future
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Transdiagnostic Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapy: Unified Protocol as an Example
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The Utility of the Unified Protocol in Treating Borderline Features
Fruhbauerova, M., Stumpp, N. E., & Sauer-Zavala, S. E. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-023-10106-z
Self-citationAlcoolodépendance : types de consommation et prise en charge
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“In summary, symptoms of emotional distress are associated with elevated NA [3,28], greater NA variability and instability [29-31], and poorer cognitive performance [32].”
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Unified Protocols for Transdiagnostic Treatment of Emotional Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Halliday, E. R., & Ehrenreich, J. T. (2026) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-5134-6_15
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“One potential explanation is related to negative emotional sensitivity (Sauer-Zavala et al. 2012).”
Yaztappeh, J. S., Mousavi, S. S., Javadi, V., Fatollahzadeh, S., Taheri, E., Bakhtiari, M., & Sararudi, P. S. A. (2026) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_654_25
“[42] Various studies have pointed to the role of recognizing and accepting emotions in reducing the symptoms of disorders.”
Cortés, L., García-Escalera, J., Casanova, I., Segura, A., Valiente, R. M., & Chorot, P. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-05472-8
Metadata
- Authors
- Sauer-Zavala, S., Boswell, J. F., Gallagher, M. W., Bentley, K. H., Ametaj, A., & Barlow, D. H.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sauer-Zavala, Shannon
- ORCID
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 551-557
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3408841
- OpenAlex
- W2071566020
- Cited by
- 177
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9
- FWCI
- 6.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R34MH070693, R01MH090053)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- negative affectivity, emotional reactivity, Unified Protocol, transdiagnostic treatment, emotional disorders, fear of emotions, anxiety sensitivity, emotional awareness, emotional acceptance, negative emotions, symptom change, anxiety, depression, treatment outcome prediction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Clinical Protocols, Emotions, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Regression Analysis, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Mood Disorders, Young Adult
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