The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 16 of the 35 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Trajectories of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness during an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy (CBGT) and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) are efficacious in treating social anxiety disorder (SAD). It is not yet clear, however, whether they share similar trajectories of change and underlying mechanisms in the context of SAD. This randomized controlled study of 108 unmedicated adults with generalized SAD investigated the impact of CBGT vs. MBSR on trajectories of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness during 12 weeks of treatment. CBGT and MBSR produced similar trajectories showing decreases in social anxiety and increases in reappraisal (changing the way of thinking) and mindfulness (mindful attitude). Compared to MBSR, CBGT produced greater increases in disputing anxious thoughts/feelings and reappraisal success. Compared to CBGT, MBSR produced greater acceptance of anxiety and acceptance success. Granger Causality analyses revealed that increases in weekly reappraisal and reappraisal success predicted subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety during CBGT (but not MBSR), and that increases in weekly mindful attitude and disputing anxious thoughts/feelings predicted subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety during MBSR (but not CBGT). This examination of temporal dynamics identified shared and distinct changes during CBGT and MBSR that both support and challenge current conceptualizations of these clinical interventions. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02036658. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
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63 Own result · 35 Own interpretation · 12 No full text of the sources · 12 Own method · 9 Supported · 4 Partly supported · 3 No basis given · 1 Supported so far · 1 Sources not found · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A recent randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT) versus MBSR in patients with SAD found similar improvements in social anxiety symptoms (Goldin et al., 2016).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Goldin et al., 2016 source
The Abstract (Results) explicitly reports that CBGT and MBSR yielded similar improvements in social anxiety symptoms. The Discussion likewise reports significant symptom reductions with both treatments in adults with SAD and similar rates of clinically significant improvement. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Thus, there is evidence that changes in specific cognitive and behavioral variables mediate the impact of CBT for SAD on social anxiety symptoms.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for SAD
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Goldin et al., 2016 source
The Statistical Analyses section describes formal mediation models for treatment effects on social anxiety symptoms. The Results section reports that increased reappraisal frequency mediated the effect of group CBT versus waitlist, while increased reappraisal self-efficacy mediated that effect and also distinguished group CBT from MBSR. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kocovski et al., 2015 source
- Not matchedcites Goldin et al., 2012b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Thus, there is growing evidence that during CBT earlier changes in cognitive processes may impact subsequent decreases in social anxiety symptoms.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for SAD
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Kleim et al., 2013 source
The introductory passage labeled Abstract (page not supplied) reports that CBT studies of social phobia have tested whether cognitive change precedes symptom change. It says changes in negative appraisals, such as estimated social costs, then produce observable symptom changes. The paper reports this as prior evidence rather than as a finding from its own PTSD study. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites Gallagher et al., 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not supplied) reports that changes in anxiety sensitivity early in CBT predicted subsequent decreases in panic symptoms. This supports the proposed sequence of cognitive change followed by symptom improvement, but the study examined panic disorder, not social anxiety symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Smits et al., 2006 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“and weekly increases in reappraisal success that predicted subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety during individual CBT (Goldin et al., 2014).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for SAD
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Goldin et al., 2014 source
The Results section (Hypothesis 4) reports that increases in weekly reappraisal success predicted subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety across 16 CBT sessions. The Limitations section identifies the treatment as individual CBT for patients with generalized SAD. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Two studies have found increases in the ability to implement attention deployment emotion regulation strategies following MBSR for SAD, specifically, for participant-generated negative self-beliefs embedded in autobiographical social anxiety related situations (Goldin & Gross, 2010; Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, Hahn, & Gross, 2013a).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Role of Cognitive Reappraisal in CBGT and MBSR
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Goldin & Gross, 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Discussion (Behavioral Measures) report improved breath-focused attention regulation after MBSR in patients with SAD, but no improvement with distraction-focused attention. The Method (Regulation of Negative Self-Beliefs Task) says the beliefs were experimenter-selected, not participant-generated; the study therefore does not support that specific description of the stimuli. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not matchedcites Goldin et al., 2013a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weekly reappraisal success increased during CBGT (90% increase) and MBSR (56% increase), with a significant session by group interaction, indicating greater increases during CBGT vs. MBSR (Figure 3).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MLM showed that weekly mindful attitude increased during both CBGT (49% increase from baseline to post-treatment) and MBSR (53% increase) (Figure 4), with no interaction of session by group.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During MBSR, weekly reappraisal success did not predict subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety, and inverse relationship was also not significant, F(2,11) = 2.96, p > .05, ΔR2 = .01.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During MBSR, weekly changes in mindful attitude predicted subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The inverse relationship, namely, weekly social anxiety predicting subsequent weekly reappraisal, was not significant, F(2,11) = 0.63, p > .05, ΔR2 = .01, indicating a unidirectional relationship.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and that increases in weekly mindful attitude and disputing anxious thoughts/feelings predicted subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety during MBSR (but not CBGT).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly single-item self-report ratings validly measure the constructs of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MLM revealed significant linear decreases from baseline to post-treatment in social anxiety for CBGT (43% decrease) and MBSR (40% decrease).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Acceptance of anxiety increased during MBSR (37% increase), but not during CBT (7% decrease) (Figure 5), with a significant interaction of group by session indicating greater increases in acceptance during MBSR.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One unexpected finding was the significant correlation of mindful attitude and reappraisal success.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During MBSR, increases in weekly disputing predicted subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety, and the inverse relationship was not significant, F(2,11) = 0.12, p > .05, ΔR2 = .01.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Granger Causality analyses revealed that increases in weekly reappraisal and reappraisal success predicted subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety during CBGT (but not MBSR)”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly single-item self-report ratings validly measure the constructs of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During MBSR, weekly reappraisal success did not predict subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety, and inverse relationship was also not significant, F(2,11) = 2.96, p > .05, ΔR2 = .01.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to CBGT, MBSR produced greater acceptance of anxiety and acceptance success.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly single-item self-report ratings validly measure the constructs of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to MBSR, CBGT produced greater increases in disputing anxious thoughts/feelings and reappraisal success.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly single-item self-report ratings validly measure the constructs of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During MBSR, increases in weekly disputing predicted subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety, and the inverse relationship was not significant, F(2,11) = 0.12, p > .05, ΔR2 = .01.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MLM showed that weekly mindful attitude increased during both CBGT (49% increase from baseline to post-treatment) and MBSR (53% increase) (Figure 4), with no interaction of session by group.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During CBGT, weekly changes in mindful attitude did not predict subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to CBGT, MBSR produced greater acceptance of anxiety and acceptance success.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly single-item self-report ratings validly measure the constructs of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weekly reappraisal (i.e., changing the way you were thinking) increased significantly during CBGT (78% increase) and MBSR (61% increase), but the session by group interaction was not significant.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During MBSR, increases in weekly reappraisal did not predict subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety, F(2,11) = 1.86, p > .05, ΔR2 = .01.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and that increases in weekly mindful attitude and disputing anxious thoughts/feelings predicted subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety during MBSR (but not CBGT).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly single-item self-report ratings validly measure the constructs of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to MBSR, CBGT produced greater increases in disputing anxious thoughts/feelings and reappraisal success.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly single-item self-report ratings validly measure the constructs of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBGT and MBSR produced similar trajectories showing decreases in social anxiety and increases in reappraisal (changing the way of thinking) and mindfulness (mindful attitude).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly single-item self-report ratings validly measure the constructs of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weekly changes in acceptance did not predict subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety during CBGT, F(2,11) = 1.16, p > .05, ΔR2 = .01, and the inverse relationship was not significant during CBGT, F(2,11) = 1.86, p > .05, ΔR2 = .03.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weekly reappraisal success increased during CBGT (90% increase) and MBSR (56% increase), with a significant session by group interaction, indicating greater increases during CBGT vs. MBSR (Figure 3).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MLM analysis revealed that weekly disputing (i.e., challenging anxious thought and feelings) increased significantly during CBGT (32% increase from baseline to post-treatment) and MBSR (18% increase) (Figure 2).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, a 2 group × 14 time point repeated-measures GLM with polynomial contrasts found no evidence of a group by time interaction for linear (F = 1.07, p = .30), quadratic (F = 0.03, p = .85) or cubic (F = 0.41, p = .52) trends in the trajectories.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The inverse relationship was also not significant, F(2,11) = 0.93, p > .05, ΔR2 = .01”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Acceptance success increased during MBSR (63% increase), but not during CBGT (37% increase). The session by group interaction was significant, indicating greater increases during MBSR.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MLM showed that weekly mindful attitude increased during both CBGT (49% increase from baseline to post-treatment) and MBSR (53% increase) (Figure 4), with no interaction of session by group.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The inverse relationship was not significant, F(2,11) = 0.58, p > .05, ΔR2 = .01.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During CBGT, increases in weekly disputing did not predict subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weekly reappraisal (i.e., changing the way you were thinking) increased significantly during CBGT (78% increase) and MBSR (61% increase), but the session by group interaction was not significant.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Acceptance success increased during MBSR (63% increase), but not during CBGT (37% increase). The session by group interaction was significant, indicating greater increases during MBSR.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“during CBGT increases in weekly reappraisal predicted subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Acceptance success increased during MBSR (63% increase), but not during CBGT (37% increase). The session by group interaction was significant, indicating greater increases during MBSR.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that all three CBT related variables were significantly inter-correlated”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During CBGT, increases in weekly reappraisal success predicted subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Acceptance of anxiety increased during MBSR (37% increase), but not during CBT (7% decrease) (Figure 5), with a significant interaction of group by session indicating greater increases in acceptance during MBSR.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBGT and MBSR produced similar trajectories showing decreases in social anxiety and increases in reappraisal (changing the way of thinking) and mindfulness (mindful attitude).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
plainn = 108- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly single-item self-report ratings validly measure the constructs of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During MBSR, weekly changes in acceptance did not predict subsequent decreases in social anxiety, F(2,11) = 1.51, p > .05, ΔR2 = .01, and the inverse relationship was not significant, F(2,11) = 3.34, p > .05, ΔR2 = .15”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weekly reappraisal (i.e., changing the way you were thinking) increased significantly during CBGT (78% increase) and MBSR (61% increase), but the session by group interaction was not significant.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The session by group interaction was significant, indicating greater increases during CBGT vs. MBSR.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Granger Causality analyses revealed that increases in weekly reappraisal and reappraisal success predicted subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety during CBGT (but not MBSR)”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly single-item self-report ratings validly measure the constructs of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weekly reappraisal success increased during CBGT (90% increase) and MBSR (56% increase), with a significant session by group interaction, indicating greater increases during CBGT vs. MBSR (Figure 3).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MLM analysis revealed that weekly disputing (i.e., challenging anxious thought and feelings) increased significantly during CBGT (32% increase from baseline to post-treatment) and MBSR (18% increase) (Figure 2).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During MBSR, weekly changes in acceptance did not predict subsequent decreases in social anxiety, F(2,11) = 1.51, p > .05, ΔR2 = .01, and the inverse relationship was not significant, F(2,11) = 3.34, p > .05, ΔR2 = .15”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our test of a model that included linear and quadratic components of the trajectory of social anxiety changes during treatment showed a similar amount of the variance explained for MBSR (93%) and CBGT (96%).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The inverse relationship was also not significant, F(2,11) = 1.22, p > .05, ΔR2 = .02.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the correlation of the MBSR and CBGT trajectories was r = 0.97.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weekly changes in acceptance did not predict subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety during CBGT, F(2,11) = 1.16, p > .05, ΔR2 = .01, and the inverse relationship was not significant during CBGT, F(2,11) = 1.86, p > .05, ΔR2 = .03.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBGT and MBSR produced similar trajectories showing decreases in social anxiety and increases in reappraisal (changing the way of thinking) and mindfulness (mindful attitude).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly single-item self-report ratings validly measure the constructs of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MLM revealed significant linear decreases from baseline to post-treatment in social anxiety for CBGT (43% decrease) and MBSR (40% decrease).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there was no weekly session by group interaction for social anxiety (Figure 1).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, weekly social anxiety began to decrease before exposure sessions started.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Clinical Impact of Changes in Reappraisal and Mindfulness
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weekly changes in acceptance success did not predict subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety during CBGT, F(2,11) = 1.16, p > .05, ΔR2 = .01, and the inverse relationship was not significant, F(2,11) = 0.34, p > .75, ΔR2 = .01.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weekly changes in acceptance success did not predict subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety during CBGT, F(2,11) = 1.16, p > .05, ΔR2 = .01, and the inverse relationship was not significant, F(2,11) = 0.34, p > .75, ΔR2 = .01.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the percentage increase in acceptance during MBSR and CBGT was much lower than for any of the other mindfulness variables.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Role of Mindfulness in CBGT and MBSR
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During MBSR, acceptance success did not predict subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety, F(2,11) = 2.77, p > .05, ΔR2 = .01.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The standard protocol was modified so that the one-day meditation retreat was converted to 4 additional weekly group sessions between the standard class 6 and 7 so that there were 12 weekly 2.5 hour sessions (total time = 30 hours). This was done to match exactly the CBGT protocol in dose, duration, and number of group members.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > METHOD > Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results indicate that CBGT and MBSR resulted in similar trajectories of decreasing social anxiety during treatment.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The inverse relationship was also significant, F(2,11) = 4.41, p < .05, ΔR2 = .09, unstandardized b = −1.01, SE of b = .51, 95% CI [−2.15, .11], standardized β = −.93, t(11) = 2.00, p = .07, suggesting a bi-directional relationship.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“More specifically for SAD, CBT has been found to produce weekly decreases in the probability of a negative social outcome that predicted subsequent fear reduction (Smits et al., 2006)”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for SAD
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Smits et al., 2006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To assess the inter-rater reliability of the ADIS-IV-L, we had PhD clinical psychologists and doctoral students review 20% of the interviews. There was 100% agreement with the original principal diagnosis of SAD (κ = 1.0).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > METHOD > Diagnostic Assessment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“To date, the single study that examined trajectories of change in MBSR found that significant increases in mindfulness skills during the first three weeks predicted decreases in perceived stress after completion of MBSR in a mixed sample of 87 adults with elevated stress related to chronic illness, chronic pain, and other life circumstances (Baer, Carmody, & Hunsinger, 2012).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baer, Carmody, & Hunsinger, 2012 source
plaindirectn = 87- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This examination of temporal dynamics identified shared and distinct changes during CBGT and MBSR that both support and challenge current conceptualizations of these clinical interventions.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The weekly single-item self-report ratings validly measure the constructs of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness.
In the paper
“Despite the effectiveness of CBT, only about 40% of SAD patients achieve remission from SAD (Leichsenring et al., 2014).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Leichsenring et al., 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The trajectories of multiple indicators of mindfulness and other potential processes of change such as cognitive reappraisal have not been investigated during MBSR for any anxiety disorder.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Norton et al., 2015 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CBGT, MBSR, and WL groups did not differ significantly (all ps > .05) on gender, age, education, ethnicity, marital status, income, current or past Axis I comorbidity, past psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy, age at symptoms onset, or years since symptom onset (Table 1).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found partial support for Hypothesis 2 in the analyses of cognitive reappraisal-related variables.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Role of Cognitive Reappraisal in CBGT and MBSR
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings support the view that there may be some shared mechanisms of change for CBT and MBSR.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Role of Cognitive Reappraisal in CBGT and MBSR
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These predictive relationships identify distinctive potential mechanisms of social anxiety reduction that are consistent with models of CBT that pinpoint increases in cognitive reappraisal and with models of MBSR that highlight increases in mindful orientation toward experience, specifically, a mindful, open, curious, and willing attitude.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Clinical Impact of Changes in Reappraisal and Mindfulness
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study extends the two prior studies by demonstrating that the temporal patterns of change in social anxiety measured weekly during treatment is similar for CBGT and MBSR.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > Trajectory of Social Anxiety during CBGT and MBSR
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests the hypothesis that social anxiety inhibits the experience of a mindful, open, curious, and willing attitude toward mental phenomena, and meta-cognitive awareness of the ability to implement acceptance.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Clinical Impact of Changes in Reappraisal and Mindfulness
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The similar increases in response to “how often did you try to change the way you were thinking about the situation you were in?” (i.e., reappraisal) may be related to enhancement of perspective taking, awareness of patterns of thoughts and emotions, and reduction in maladaptive cognitive elaborations and interpretations during both CBGT and MBSR.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Role of Cognitive Reappraisal in CBGT and MBSR
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the impact of weekly mindfulness training and the concomitant increase in acceptance and reappraisal during MBSR may enhance the capacity to dispute anxious thoughts and feelings.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Clinical Impact of Changes in Reappraisal and Mindfulness
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the results are limited by the specific set of indicators that were used to measure weekly changes during treatment.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > Limitations and Directions for Future Research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we did not include weekly behavioral measures that might also change and predict clinical improvement.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > Limitations and Directions for Future Research
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings from this study elucidate the trajectories of change in cognitive reappraisal and mindfulness and their predictive relationship to social anxiety reduction during CBGT and MBSR.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > Limitations and Directions for Future Research
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another study that compared CBGT with a mindfulness and acceptance-based group therapy found similar pre-to-post-treatment improvement on social anxiety (Kocovski et al., 2013).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > Trajectory of Social Anxiety during CBGT and MBSR
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kocovski et al., 2013 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The reappraisal prediction of social anxiety was unidirectional, suggesting that prior reductions in social anxiety did not predict subsequent increases in any of the three indicators of reappraisal.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Clinical Impact of Changes in Reappraisal and Mindfulness
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, acceptance of anxiety appears to be a distinctive feature of MBSR for SAD that differentiates it from CBT for SAD.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Role of Mindfulness in CBGT and MBSR
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may partially explain why weekly disputing did not predict subsequent social anxiety during CBGT.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Clinical Impact of Changes in Reappraisal and Mindfulness
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, a surprising apparent inconsistency that contradicts current conceptualization of MBSR is that increases in weekly disputing or challenging your anxious thoughts and feelings predicted subsequent decreases in weekly social anxiety during MBSR, but not during CBGT.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Clinical Impact of Changes in Reappraisal and Mindfulness
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Perhaps a necessary extension of mechanisms of change during MBSR training is that, as a mindful attitude towards mental experience and physical sensations in general and anxiety more specifically increases, it may facilitate many different forms of emotion regulation such as cognitive reappraisal (i.e., re-interpreting the meaning of thoughts and interpretation), disputing anxiety inducing”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Clinical Impact of Changes in Reappraisal and Mindfulness
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Observing one’s own mental habits from multiple perspectives and learning how to modulate the relationships between thought, emotion and behavior may be common processes in both CBT and MBSR.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Role of Cognitive Reappraisal in CBGT and MBSR
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For mindfulness related variables, our Hypothesis 2 was partially supported.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Role of Mindfulness in CBGT and MBSR
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results support the view that prior cognitive (and perhaps meta-cognitive) changes may be related to subsequent improvement in clinical outcomes.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Clinical Impact of Changes in Reappraisal and Mindfulness
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A similar perspective may explain why MBSR, a program of training that does not explicitly train cognitive reappraisal, indirectly scaffolds emotion regulation abilities that may be suppressed by chronic anxiety and low self-efficacy in SAD patients.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Role of Mindfulness in CBGT and MBSR
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the available data are mixed with regard to whether CBGT and MBSR produce similar reductions of social anxiety symptoms.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > Trajectory of Social Anxiety during CBGT and MBSR
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 26
- It may state two separate claims as one. 22
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A recent study of trauma-focused CBT for posttraumatic stress disorder found a unidirectional relationship of weekly decreases in dysfunctional trauma related appraisals predicting subsequent reduction in weekly PTSD symptoms (Kleim et al., 2013).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for SAD
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Kleim et al., 2013 source
The Discussion reports that changes in negative trauma-related appraisals predicted PTSD symptom change in the following week during CT-PTSD, a form of trauma-focused CBT. It also states that symptom change did not significantly predict appraisal change in the following week, supporting the cited sentence’s description of a unidirectional relationship. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A study of CBT for panic disorder found that antecedent changes in anxiety sensitivity and self-efficacy temporally preceded changes in panic symptoms (Gallagher et al., 2013).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for SAD
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Gallagher et al., 2013 source
The Discussion reports that changes in both anxiety sensitivity and self-efficacy predicted subsequent changes in panic symptoms during CBT for panic disorder. The Results section also describes their effects on subsequent symptom changes at different stages of treatment. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“More specifically, in patients with SAD, MBSR has been shown to increase mindfulness skills, attention regulation, self-esteem, functioning and quality of life, as well as decrease negative self-views, trait anxiety, negative emotional reactivity, and depression (Goldin & Gross, 2010; Goldin, Ramel, & Gross, 2009; Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, & Gross, 2012a; Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, Hahn, & Gross, 2013b;”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Goldin & Gross, 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Clinical Results and Behavioral Results; page numbers unavailable) report increased self-esteem, decreased depression and reduced negative emotion during breath-focused attention, but no reduction in negative emotion when simply reacting to negative self-beliefs. The paper also reports earlier SAD studies finding improvements in functioning, quality of life and negative self-view. It does not establish increased mindfulness skills, and its measured reduction was in state anxiety, not trait anxiety. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites Goldin et al., 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Koszycki et al., 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis of mindfulness-based interventions (Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010) showed that they reliably reduced anxiety symptoms across a variety of psychiatric and medical populations (Hedges's g = 0.63), and more so in patients with anxiety and mood disorders (g = 0.97).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010 source
The RESULTS summary reports an overall anxiety effect of Hedges’ g = 0.63 and a larger anxiety effect of g = 0.97 in the specified clinical subgroup. The BACKGROUND describes studies spanning psychiatric and medical conditions. The detailed Results identify g = 0.97 specifically for anxiety symptoms in patients with anxiety disorders. (LLM, conf=0.92)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“If enhancement of emotion regulation ability is a reliable result of MBSR, then this may help explain the similar decrease and maintenance of social anxiety immediately and 1-year post-CBT and post-MBSR in this sample of patients with SAD (Goldin et al., 2016).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Clinical Impact of Changes in Reappraisal and Mindfulness
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Goldin et al., 2016 source
The Discussion reports that group CBT and MBSR produced similar reductions in social anxiety immediately and one year after treatment in adults with SAD, with treatment gains maintained. The proposed emotion-regulation explanation is framed as the citing authors’ conditional interpretation, not as a finding attributed to this trial. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Garland and colleagues (Garland, Farb, Goldin, & Fredrickson, 2015) recently introduced a mindfulness-to-meaning theory (MMT) that suggests mindfulness meditation practice will facilitate reappraisal of adversity and savoring of positive experience by enhancing interoceptive attention and cognitive flexibility.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Role of Cognitive Reappraisal in CBGT and MBSR
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Garland et al., 2015 source
The “Why Reappraisal?” section (page not provided) explicitly proposes that mindfulness changes attention to interoceptive responses and introduces flexibility in meaning-making, enabling positive reappraisal of adversity and savoring of positive experience. The Conclusion (page not provided) describes this process as beginning with mindfulness meditation practice. (LLM, conf=0.93)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“MMT predicts that mindfulness meditation training should increase the ability to implement a variety of emotion regulation strategies, including reappraisal, attention deployment, and acceptance.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Role of Cognitive Reappraisal in CBGT and MBSR
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Garland et al., 2015 source
The Conclusion (page unavailable) says the theory links mindful acceptance with broadened attention and more adaptive reappraisal. The section on the role of mindfulness in positive reappraisal (page unavailable) describes improved attentional reorienting, while the evidence section reports greater reappraisal ability after mindfulness training. Together, these support the citing sentence as a paraphrase of the model's prediction. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“CBT-related increases in cognitive reappraisal processes have been observed in prior studies of patients with SAD (Goldin et al., 2014; Goldin et al., 2012b).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Role of Cognitive Reappraisal in CBGT and MBSR
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Goldin et al., 2014 source
The Results (Hypothesis 1: Pre-Post CBT Change; page unavailable) report greater increases in cognitive reappraisal frequency and success with CBT than with waitlist in patients with SAD. The Discussion (Weekly Changes in Emotion Regulation and Anxiety; page unavailable) also reports that both increased during treatment. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not matchedcites Goldin et al., 2012b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Such an interpretation is in alignment with mindfulness-to-meaning theory (Garland et al., 2015), which proposes increases in emotion regulation as an important sequela of mindfulness training.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Clinical Impact of Changes in Reappraisal and Mindfulness
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Garland et al., 2015 source
The Abstract describes the Mindfulness-to-Meaning Theory as a model of how mindfulness practice affects downstream emotion-regulatory processes. The Conclusion further says mindfulness facilitates positive reappraisal, a form of emotion regulation. The citing sentence accurately paraphrases the theory's proposal rather than claiming a measured training effect. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Acceptance of anxiety increased during MBSR (37% increase), but not during CBT (7% decrease) (Figure 5), with a significant interaction of group by session indicating greater increases in acceptance during MBSR.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the inverse relationship was significant, F(2,11) = 7.17, p < .05, ΔR2 = .13, unstandardized b = −.56, SE of b = .22, 95% CI [−1.06, −.07], standardized β = −.78, t(11) = 2.55, p = .029.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The inverse relationship was also significant, F(2,11) = 4.41, p < .05, ΔR2 = .09, unstandardized b = −1.01, SE of b = .51, 95% CI [−2.15, .11], standardized β = −.93, t(11) = 2.00, p = .07, suggesting a bi-directional relationship.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as were the two MBSR related variables”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found that prior decreases in social anxiety predicted subsequent increases in mindful attitude during both CBGT and MBSR, and subsequent increases in acceptance success during MBSR only.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Clinical Impact of Changes in Reappraisal and Mindfulness
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the inverse relationship was significant, F(2,11) = 5.40, p > .05, ΔR2 = .12.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: unclear — It is unclear whether the authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, all three indicators of reappraisal improved significantly during both CBGT and MBSR, but CBGT resulted in greater improvement than MBSR for disputing and reappraisal success.”
- Also stated in: § The Role of Cognitive Reappraisal in CBGT and MBSR · plain
“Compared to MBSR, CBGT led to greater increases in the weekly trajectories of disputing and reappraisal success.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § The Role of Cognitive Reappraisal in CBGT and MBSR · plain
In the paper
“Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is considered the most efficacious and effective psychosocial intervention for SAD (Gordon et al., 2014).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for SAD
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gordon et al., 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on a criterion of 9 of 12 sessions attended for treatment completer status, 33 (92%) of patients completed CBGT and 33 (92%) completed MBSR. Mean number of sessions attended for CBGT (Mean ± SD = 10.47 ± 1.56) and MBSR (10.37 ± 2.09) was not significantly different, t(71) = 0.22, p = .82.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > METHOD > Adherence and Treatment Completer Status
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sequence of groups was determined by a random number generator constrained to 6 instances for each of the three types of group so that at the end of the study we had 18 groups of 6 patients, with 6 groups each for CBGT, MBSR or WL.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > METHOD > Procedure
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, a recent review (Norton, Abbott, Norberg, & Hunt, 2015) concluded that, although mindfulness and acceptance-based treatments may reduce social anxiety symptoms in adults with SAD, methodological weaknesses (e.g., small sample sizes, lack of an active treatment comparisons or control groups) limit the confidence that should be placed in the results reported for MBSR in patients with SAD.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Norton, Abbott, Norberg, & Hunt, 2015 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, it is still not clear whether CBT and MBSR produce similar changes across therapeutic processes during treatment.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Norton et al., 2015 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The ADIS-IV has demonstrated excellent inter-rater reliability (Brown, Di Nardo, Lehman, & Campbell, 2001).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > METHOD > Diagnostic Assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brown, Di Nardo, Lehman, & Campbell, 2001 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, the Granger Causality analysis showed that 2 of 3 cognitive reappraisal indicators during CBGT and one cognitive reappraisal indicator during MBSR predicted subsequent social anxiety reduction during treatment.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adherence ratings indicated that both CBGT therapists and MBSR instructors were “in protocol” (rating > 4 of 5 for each session) with no between-group differences, t(11) = 0.83, p = .43, in adherence for CBGT (Mean ± SD: 4.92 ± 0.27) versus MBSR (4.81 ± 0.17).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > METHOD > Adherence and Treatment Completer Status
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Weekly change intent-to-treat analyses included all patients except two who did not provide weekly data. Thus, the final sample was 106 patients.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > METHOD > Statistical Analyses
plainn = 106- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, weekly trajectories of mindfulness and cognitive reappraisal and their relationship to clinical symptoms have not been examined during MBSR and have not been compared to CBT for SAD.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, while both CBGT and MBSR produced increases in weekly mindful attitude, only MBSR produced increases in acceptance and acceptance success.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because there were no significant differences, we combined data from the immediate and delayed treatment groups to increase statistical power to detect changes during CBGT (n = 54) versus MBSR (n = 52).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > METHOD > Statistical Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, many patients do not have access to quality CBT or are hesitant to enter psychotherapy (Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2015).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2015 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Older age was associated with greater likelihood of missing data for the last three sessions, b = 0.06, Wald’s Z = 4.62, p = .031, Odds Ratio = 1.06. Therefore, we included age as a covariate in all multilevel modeling analyses. No other variables predicted missingness.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > METHOD > Statistical Analyses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This non-differentiation of the meaning of weekly questions may have interfered with accurate responses.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > Limitations and Directions for Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The single study that directly compared CBGT (n = 27) to MBSR (n = 26) in patients with SAD (Koszycki et al., 2007) found comparable pre-to-post-treatment improvement in mood, functioning, and quality of life, and, importantly, greater improvement for CBGT vs. MBSR in social anxiety, response rates and remission rates.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > Trajectory of Social Anxiety during CBGT and MBSR
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Koszycki et al., 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, our findings confirm the expected impact of CBGT on cognitive reappraisal and suggest that MBSR also may increase cognitive reappraisal ability and implementation.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Role of Cognitive Reappraisal in CBGT and MBSR
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More broadly, acceptance of experience may be viewed as an emotion regulation strategy that may incorporate aspects of cognitive reappraisal, at least initially, and then may differ more when the individual begins to implement acceptance more spontaneously rather than volitionally.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Role of Mindfulness in CBGT and MBSR
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings both support and contradict our current conceptualization of how we expect MBSR to work.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Clinical Impact of Changes in Reappraisal and Mindfulness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, the Granger Causality analysis showed that none of the mindfulness indicators during CBGT and only one mindfulness indicator during MBSR predicted subsequent social anxiety reduction during treatment.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found partial support for Hypothesis 3, with prior increases in 2 of 3 weekly reappraisal indicators (reappraisal, reappraisal success) predicting subsequent decreases in social anxiety during CBGT (but not during MBSR), and increases in 1 of 3 weekly mindfulness indicators (mindful attitude) predicting subsequent decreases in social anxiety during MBSR (but not during CBGT).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Clinical Impact of Changes in Reappraisal and Mindfulness
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests a synergistic relationship between mindfulness skills (e.g., acceptance) and cognitive reappraisal.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Role of Mindfulness in CBGT and MBSR
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It is important to note that traditional Buddhist models characterize mindfulness meditation training as a set of tools for enhancing mental qualities, skills and attitudes that already exist in human beings but require enhancement and refinement (Thera, 1998).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Role of Mindfulness in CBGT and MBSR
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Thera, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Implementation of mindfulness skills may be less effortful than cognitive reappraisal, and thus the access to cognitive resources and executive functioning afforded by even small reductions in social anxiety impact mindfulness skills more easily relative to cognitive reappraisal strategies.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Clinical Impact of Changes in Reappraisal and Mindfulness
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, differences in the meaning of what is being assessed by some of the weekly questions, for example, “try to change the way you were thinking” (cognitive change strategy of reappraisal) versus “adopting a mindful, open, curious, and willing attitude” (observing/noticing/accepting/allowing strategy) are subtle, and there is no guarantee that the participants in our study after 12 weeks”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > Limitations and Directions for Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may be due to acceptance of emotion being difficult to do and being unfamiliar in patients with SAD.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Role of Mindfulness in CBGT and MBSR
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, under the rubric of mindfulness, there are a variety of practices that likely impact different types of mindfulness skills and attitudes.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Role of Mindfulness in CBGT and MBSR
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A cross-sectional study in a community sample demonstrated that acceptance of emotion is implemented to a greater extent across different situations than any other emotion regulation strategy, including cognitive reappraisal, and negatively predicted psychopathology (Aldao & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2012).”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Role of Mindfulness in CBGT and MBSR
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Aldao & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2012 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One explanation is that during CBGT reappraisal skills increase, anxiety decreases, and these changes may disinhibit latent mindfulness skills and attitudes that had been chronically suppressed in patients with SAD.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > DISCUSSION > The Role of Mindfulness in CBGT and MBSR
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The weekly single-item self-report ratings validly measure the constructs of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness.
“To investigate weekly changes, we used Qualtrics software to administer a set of questions once a week on the day prior to each group session. The weekly questions assessed indicators of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness during CBGT and MBSR.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Before this study, no published work had examined weekly social anxiety trajectories in CBT and MBSR.
“No prior studies have examined the weekly trajectories of social anxiety in CBT and MBSR.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The study design, search region, and data analytic strategy were preregistered at Open Science Framework.27”
From Evaluation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Mindfulness Meditation in Brain Changes During Reappraisal and Acceptance Among Patients With Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
“F(2,11) = 5.40, p > .05”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
Reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .023
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“F(2,11) = 0.34, p > .75”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
Reported p > .75 · recomputed p = .719
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“t(11) = 2.55, p = .029”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
Reported p = .029 · recomputed p = .027
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upF(2, 11) = 5.4reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .023The two fall on opposite sides of .05
“F(2,11) = 5.40, p > .05”
- Doesn’t add upt(11) = 2.55reported p = .029 · recomputed p = .027
“t(11) = 2.55, p = .029”
- Doesn’t add upF(2, 11) = 0.34reported p > .75 · recomputed p = .719
“F(2,11) = 0.34, p > .75”
- Not confirmedz = 4.62reported p = .031 · recomputed p < .001
“Z = 4.62, p = .031”
- Consistentt(11) = 0.83reported p = .43 · recomputed p = .424
“t(11) = 0.83, p = .43”
- Consistentt(71) = 0.22reported p = .82 · recomputed p = .827
“t(71) = 0.22, p = .82”
- ConsistentF(2, 11) = 0.63reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .551
“F(2,11) = 0.63, p > .05”
- ConsistentF(2, 11) = 1.86reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .201
“F(2,11) = 1.86, p > .05”
- ConsistentF(2, 11) = 0.93reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .423
“F(2,11) = 0.93, p > .05”
- ConsistentF(2, 11) = 0.58reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .576
“F(2,11) = 0.58, p > .05”
- ConsistentF(2, 11) = 2.96reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .094
“F(2,11) = 2.96, p > .05”
- ConsistentF(2, 11) = 1.22reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .332
“F(2,11) = 1.22, p > .05”
- ConsistentF(2, 11) = 0.12reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .888
“F(2,11) = 0.12, p > .05”
- ConsistentF(2, 11) = 7.17reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .010
“F(2,11) = 7.17, p < .05”
- ConsistentF(2, 11) = 4.41reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .039
“F(2,11) = 4.41, p < .05”
- Consistentt(11) = 2reported p = .07 · recomputed p = .071
“t(11) = 2.00, p = .07”
- ConsistentF(2, 11) = 1.16reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .349
“F(2,11) = 1.16, p > .05”
- ConsistentF(2, 11) = 1.51reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .263
“F(2,11) = 1.51, p > .05”
- ConsistentF(2, 11) = 3.34reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .074
“F(2,11) = 3.34, p > .05”
- ConsistentF(2, 11) = 2.77reported p > .05 · recomputed p = .106
“F(2,11) = 2.77, p > .05”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
“However, the inverse relationship was significant, F(2,11) = 5.40, p > .05, ΔR2 = .12.”
§ Trajectories of Social Anxiety, Cognitive Reappraisal, and Mindfulness During an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder > RESULTS > Preliminary Analyses
“Using Granger Causality lead-lag analysis of time series data and a criterion p-value of .05”
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“…self-esteem, functioning and quality of life, as well as decrease negative self-views, trait anxiety, negative emotional reactivity, and depression (Goldin & Gross, 2010; Goldin, Ramel, & Gross, 2009; Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, & Gross, 2012a; Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, Hahn, & Gross, 2013b; Jazaieri,…”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Goldin, P. R., Morrison, A. S., Jazaieri, H., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Temple University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goldin, Philippe R.
- Venue
- Behaviour Research and Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-10
- Volume
- 97
- Pages
- 1-13
- ISSN
- 0005-7967 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5600696
- OpenAlex
- W2621240808
- Cited by
- 115
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 24.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behaviour Research and Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- NIMH (R01 MH076074)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- social anxiety disorder, cognitive reappraisal, mindfulness, group cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction, treatment trajectories, Granger causality, therapeutic mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- Phobia, Social, Adult, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Psychotherapy, Group, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult, Mindfulness
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