Cited by 3,057Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation StudiesTraumatic Brain Injury ResearchElectroconvulsive Therapy Studies

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Transcranial direct current stimulation: State of the art 2008

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Nitsche, Michael A., Cohen, Leonardo G., Wassermann, Eric M., Priori, Alberto, Lang, Nicolas, Antal, Andrea, Paulus, Walter, Hummel, Friedhelm, Boggio, Paulo S., Fregni, Felipe, Pascual-Leone, Alvaro·2008·Brain Stimulation

DOI 10.1016/j.brs.2008.06.004

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Abstract

Effects of weak electrical currents on brain and neuronal function were first described decades ago. Recently, DC polarization of the brain was reintroduced as a noninvasive technique to alter cortical activity in humans. Beyond this, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of different cortical areas has been shown, in various studies, to result in modifications of perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral functions. Moreover, preliminary data suggest that it can induce beneficial effects in brain disorders. Brain stimulation with weak direct currents is a promising tool in human neuroscience and neurobehavioral research. To facilitate and standardize future tDCS studies, we offer this overview of the state of the art for tDCS.

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Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation
Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2000) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x · Cited by 5,656 · cited 4×
“For 4 seconds of tDCS, which elicits no after-effects, a break of 10 seconds between each period of stimulation is sufficient.(13) For tDCS durations that produce short-lasting (namely, for about 10 minutes) after-effects, a 1-hour break between stimulation sessions is sufficient.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans
Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.10.1899 · Cited by 2,617 · cited 1×
“For tDCS durations resulting in long-lasting after-effects (1 hour or more), an intersession interval of 48 hours to 1 week has been suggested.(14,15,43) If repetitive tDCS is performed to prolong and stabilize long-lasting after-effects, subjects are generally stimulated once a day.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Pharmacological Modulation of Cortical Excitability Shifts Induced by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Humans
Nitsche, M. A., Fricke, K., Henschke, U., Schlitterlau, A., Liebetanz, D., Lang, N., Henning, S. J., Tergau, F., & Paulus, W. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.049916 · Cited by 1,587
Self-citation
Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS): a tool for double-blind sham-controlled clinical studies in brain stimulation
Gandiga, P. C., Hummel, F. C., & Cohen, L. G. (2006) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2005.12.003 · Cited by 1,474 · cited 2×
“Compared with TMS, it is easier to conduct placebo stimulation-controlled studies with tDCS, because, with the exception of a slight itching sensation and sensory phenomena, including retinal phosphenes with current switching, subjects rarely experience sensations related to the treatment.(26) To reduce cutaneous sens…”
MethodSelf-citation
Pharmacological approach to the mechanisms of transcranial DC-stimulation-induced after-effects of human motor cortex excitability
Liebetanz, D. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf238 · Cited by 1,383
Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex enhances working memory
Fregni, F., Boggio, P. S., Nitsche, M., Bermpohl, F., Antal, A., Feredoes, E., Marcolin, M. A., Rigonatti, S. P., Silva, M. T. A., Paulus, W., et al. (2005) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-005-2334-6 · Cited by 1,159 · cited 1×
“For tDCS durations resulting in long-lasting after-effects (1 hour or more), an intersession interval of 48 hours to 1 week has been suggested.(14,15,43) If repetitive tDCS is performed to prolong and stabilize long-lasting after-effects, subjects are generally stimulated once a day.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Safety aspects of transcranial direct current stimulation concerning healthy subjects and patients
Poreisz, C., Boros, K., Antal, A., & Paulus, W. (2007) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.01.004 · Cited by 1,153 · cited 3×
“Moreover, these protocols were tested in more than 2000-3000 subjects in laboratories worldwide with no serious side effects, except for a slight itching under the electrode, and seldom-occurring headache, fatigue, and nausea.(34) It is also possible that longer-lasting protocols are safe, because stimulation of up to…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Effects of non-invasive cortical stimulation on skilled motor function in chronic stroke
Hummel, F. C. (2005) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh369 · Cited by 1,141
Self-citation
Facilitation of implicit motor learning by weak transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex in the human
Nitsche, M. A., Schauenburg, A., Lang, N., Liebetanz, D., Exner, C., Paulus, W., & Tergau, F. (2003) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892903321662994 · Cited by 1,032
Self-citation
The action of brief polarizing currents on the cerebral cortex of the rat (1) during current flow and (2) in the production of long‐lasting after‐effects
Bindman, L. J., Lippold, O. C. J., & Redfearn, J. W. T. (1964) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1964.sp007425 · Cited by 969 · cited 2×
“With constant current density, increasing stimulation duration determined the occurrence and duration of after-effects in humans and animals.(3,13-15) Therefore tDCS protocols should state current strength and shape, electrode size, and stimulation duration for comparability between studies.”
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Fregni, 2008, Cortical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex with transcranial direct current stimulation reduces cue-provoked smoking craving: a randomized, sham-controlled study, J Clin Psychiatry, 69, 32, 10.4088/JCP.v69n0105 · DOI

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Items 701–800 of 1,010

Reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation.
Aree-uea, B., Auvichayapat, N., Janyacharoen, T., Siritaratiwat, W., Amatachaya, A., Prasertnoo, J., Tunkamnerdthai, O., Thinkhamrop, B., Jensen, M. P., & Auvichayapat, P. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 52
bihemispheric-tDCS and Upper Limb Rehabilitation Improves Retention of Motor Function in Chronic Stroke: A Pilot Study
Goodwill, A. M., Teo, W., Morgan, P. E., Daly, R. M., & Kidgell, D. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00258 · Cited by 53
“Anodal-tDCS (a-tDCS) of the primary motor cortex (M1) increases corticospinal excitability, whilst cathodal-tDCS (c-tDCS) exerts an inhibitory effect (Nitsche et al., 2005, 2008; Bastani and Jaberzadeh, 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Imaging transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the prefrontal cortex—correlation or causality in stimulation-mediated effects?
Wörsching, J., Padberg, F., Ertl-Wagner, B. B., Kumpf, U., Kirsch, B., & Keeser, D. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.001 · Cited by 56
“…as tDCS in linical neurophysiology 15 years ago (Nitsche and Paulus, 2000) nd serves as a non-invasive and painless tool for neuromodulation Nitsche et al., 2008) that is generating increasing interest among euroscientists and clinical practitioners (Bestmann et al., 2015; ubljevic et al.,…”
Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Does Not Improve Working Memory in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials
Sloan, N. P., Byrne, L. K., Enticott, P. G., & Lum, J. A. G. (2020) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-020-09454-4 · Cited by 52
Anodal Transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation: The Effects of Pulse Duration on Corticospinal Excitability
Jaberzadeh, S. J., Bastani, A., Zoghi, M., Morgan, P. E., & Fitzgerald, P. B. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131779 · Cited by 52
Transcranial direct current stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex shifts preference of moral judgments
Kuehne, M., Heimrath, K., Heinze, H.-J., & Zaehle, T. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127061 · Cited by 45
Intermittent theta burst stimulation over left BA10 enhances virtual reality-based prospective memory in healthy aged subjects
Debarnot, U., Crépon, B., Orriols, E., Abram, M., Charron, S., Lion, S., Roca, P., Oppenheim, C., Gueguen, B., Ergis, A.-M., et al. (2015) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.05.001 · Cited by 51
Je pense donc je fais: transcranial direct current stimulation modulates brain oscillations associated with motor imagery and movement observation
Lapenta, O. M., Minati, L., Fregni, F., & Boggio, P. S. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00256 · Cited by 51
Self-citation
BDNF Val66Met polymorphism alters spinal DC stimulation-induced plasticity in humans
Lamy, J., & Boakye, M. (2013) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00116.2013 · Cited by 51
Transcranial direct current stimulation and exercises for treatment of chronic temporomandibular disorders: a blind randomised‐controlled trial
de Oliveira, L. B., Lopes, T. D. S., Soares, C., Maluf, R., Goes, B. T., Sá, K. N., & Baptista, A. F. (2015) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/joor.12300 · Cited by 52
Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over posterior parietal cortex enhances distinct aspects of visual working memory
Heinen, K., Sagliano, L., Candini, M., Husain, M., Cappelletti, M., & Zokaei, N. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.04.028 · Cited by 52
Neuromodulation for the treatment of eating disorders and obesity
Lee, D. J., Elias, G. J. B., & Lozano, A. M. (2017) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125317743435 · Cited by 50
Is transcranial direct current stimulation an effective modality in reducing food craving? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Mostafavi, S., Khaleghi, A., Mohammadi, M. R., & Akhondzadeh, S. (2018) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2018.1470371 · Cited by 51
Concurrent postural training and M1 anodal transcranial direct current stimulation improve postural impairment in patients with chronic low back pain
Jafarzadeh, A., Ehsani, F., Yosephi, M. H., Zoghi, M., & Jaberzadeh, S. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2019.07.017 · Cited by 55
Understanding the Neurophysiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Neuroplasticity in Cortical and Descending Motor Pathways: Where Do We Stand?
Nicolini, C., Fahnestock, M. L., Gibala, M. J., & Nelson, A. J. (2020) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.12.013 · Cited by 59
Effectiveness of noninvasive brain stimulation in the treatment of anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of sham or behaviour-controlled studies
Vergallito, A., Gallucci, A., Pisoni, A., Punzi, M., Caselli, G., Ruggiero, G. M., Sassaroli, S., & Lauro, L. J. R. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.210050 · Cited by 53
Modifying somatosensory processing with non-invasive brain stimulation
Song, S., Sandrini, M., & Cohen, L. G. (2011) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-2011-0614 · Cited by 50
Self-citation
MR-Guided Transcranial Focused Ultrasound.
Aubry, J., & Tanter, M. (2016) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22536-4_6 · Cited by 48
Effects of alternating current stimulation on the healthy and diseased brain
Hamid, A. I. A., Gall, C., Speck, O., Antal, A., & Sabel, B. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00391 · Cited by 54
“SAFETY ISSUES Previous studies demonstrated that non-invasive brain stimulation, including ACS, is safe with a fairly low risk of side-effects if used within the allowed safety limits (Nitsche et al., 2003, 2008; Poreisz et al., 2007; Bikson et al., 2009; Brunoni et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
High-Frequency TRNS Reduces BOLD Activity during Visuomotor Learning
Saiote, C., Polanía, R. H., Rosenberger, K., Paulus, W., & Antal, A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059669 · Cited by 50
Self-citation
Errorless and errorful learning modulated by transcranial direct current stimulation
Hammer, A., Mohammadi, B., Schmicker, M., Saliger, S., & Münte, T. F. (2011) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-12-72 · Cited by 50
The Role of the Posterior Cerebellum in Saccadic Adaptation: A Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Study
Panouillères, M., Miall, R. C., & Jenkinson, N. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4064-14.2015 · Cited by 50
Cathodal tDCS Over the Left Prefrontal Cortex Diminishes Choice-Induced Preference Change
Mengarelli, F., Spoglianti, S., Avenanti, A., & di Pellegrino, G. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht314 · Cited by 51
Coordinate-Based Meta-Analysis of the Default Mode and Salience Network for Target Identification in Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation of Alzheimer’s Disease and Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia Networks
Pievani, M., Pini, L., Ferrari, C., Pizzini, F. B., Galazzo, I. B., Cobelli, C., Cotelli, M., Manenti, R., & Frisoni, G. B. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-161105 · Cited by 52
The role of the human cerebellum in linguistic prediction, word generation and verbal working memory: evidence from brain imaging, non-invasive cerebellar stimulation and lesion studies
Pleger, B., & Timmann, D. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.012 · Cited by 49
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Can Modulate EEG Complexity of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Kang, J., Cai, E., Han, J., Tong, Z., Li, X., Sokhadze, E. M., Casanova, M. F., Ouyang, G., & Li, X. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00201 · Cited by 52
“…(Casanova et al., 2014; Panerai et al., 2014; Sokhadze et al., 2014), and TMS is considered safe if applied within safety guideline (Rossi et al., 2009). tDCS provides a weak constant current, ranging from 1 to 2mA to the scalp through two electrodes: an anode and a cathode (Nitsche et al., 2008).”
Background
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of motor cortex enhances running performance
Park, S.-B., Sung, D. J., Kim, B.-K., Kim, S., & Han, J. K. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211902 · Cited by 50
Effect of prefrontal tDCS on resting brain fMRI graph measures in Alcohol Use Disorders: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study.
Holla, B., Biswal, J., Ramesh, V., Shivakumar, V., Bharath, R. D., Benegal, V., Venkatasubramanian, G., Chand, P., & Murthy, P. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109950 · Cited by 55
Bilateral Bi-Cephalic Tdcs with Two Active Electrodes of the Same Polarity Modulates Bilateral Cognitive Processes Differentially
Klein, E., Mann, A., Huber, S., Bloechle, J., Willmes, K., Karim, A. A., Nuerk, H., & Moeller, K. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071607 · Cited by 51
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) over the Left Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Qiu, J., Kong, X., Li, J., Yang, J., Huang, Y., Huang, M.-S., Sun, B., Su, J., Chen, H., Wan, G.-B., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neural Transplantation and Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2021/6627507 · Cited by 44
Transcranial direct current stimulation inhibits epileptic activity propagation in a large-scale brain network model
Yu, Y., Fan, Y., Han, F., Luan, G., & Wang, Q. (2023) · Science China Technological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11431-022-2341-x · Cited by 49
Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation in early rehabilitation of patients with post-stroke non-fluent aphasia: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled pilot study
Polanowska, K., Leśniak, M., Seniów, J. B., Czepiel, W., & Członkowska, A. (2013) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-130333 · Cited by 49
Differential effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal, motor and somatosensory cortices on cortical excitability and pain perception – a double‐blind randomised sham‐controlled study
Vaseghi, B., Zoghi, M., & Jaberzadeh, S. (2015) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13043 · Cited by 53
“Similar to previous tDCS studies (Poreisz et al., 2007; Nitsche et al., 2008; Brunoni et al., 2011), the most prevalent side effects following the stimulation of M1, S1 and DLPFC were itching and tingling.”
BackgroundResult
Modulation of human trigeminal and extracranial nociceptive processing by transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex
Hansen, N., Obermann, M., Poitz, F., Holle, D., Diener, H., Antal, A., Paulus, W., & Katsarava, Z. (2011) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102410390394 · Cited by 49
Self-citation
Direct-current-dependent shift of theta-burst-induced plasticity in the human motor cortex
Hasan, A., Hamada, M., Nitsche, M. A., Ruge, D., Galea, J. M., Wobrock, T., & Rothwell, J. C. (2011) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-011-2968-5 · Cited by 49
Self-citation
A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Kasschau, M., Sherman, K., Haider, L., Frontario, A., Shaw, M., Datta, A., Bikson, M., & Charvet, L. E. (2015) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/53542 · Cited by 49
Neuromodulation can reduce aggressive behavior elicited by violent video games
Riva, P., Gabbiadini, A., Lauro, L. J. R., Andrighetto, L., Volpato, C., & Bushman, B. J. (2016) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-016-0490-8 · Cited by 55
“…of a particular brain region influence subsequent behavior (Boggio et al., 2016). tDCS is a relatively new and safe noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents to induce changes in the cortical excitability of selected brain regions (Nitsche et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResult
Anodal tDCS over the primary motor cortex improves motor imagery benefits on postural control: A pilot study
Saruco, E., Rienzo, F. D., Núñez-Nagy, S., Rubio, M. A., Jackson, P. L., Collet, C., Saimpont, A., & Guillot, A. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-00509-w · Cited by 55
Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (ctDCS) Impairs Balance Control in Healthy Individuals
Foerster, Á., Melo, L., Mello, M., Castro, R., Shirahige, L., Rocha, S., & Monte-Silva, K. K. (2017) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-017-0863-8 · Cited by 49
Focal Hemodynamic Responses in the Stimulated Hemisphere During High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Muthalib, M., Besson, P., Rothwell, J. C., & Perrey, S. (2017) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1111/ner.12632 · Cited by 49
Transspinal Direct Current Stimulation Produces Persistent Plasticity in Human Motor Pathways
Murray, L. M., Tahayori, B., & Knikou, M. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18872-z · Cited by 51
Effects of neuromodulation on cognitive performance in individuals exhibiting addictive behaviors: A systematic review
Naish, K. R., Vedelago, L., MacKillop, J. M., & Amlung, M. T. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.018 · Cited by 53
Neural Oscillations and the Initiation of Voluntary Movement
Armstrong, S. R., Sale, M. V., & Cunnington, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02509 · Cited by 75
The effect of expectation on transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to suppress food craving and eating in individuals with overweight and obesity
Ray, M. K., Sylvester, M. D., Helton, A., Pittman, B. R., Wagstaff, L. E., McRae, T. R., Turan, B., Fontaine, K. R., Amthor, F. R., & Boggiano, M. M. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.12.044 · Cited by 49
“Hence participants are more likely to guess that the active condition is the real one (Horvath et al. 2014;O’Connell et al., 2012), logically increasing the likelihood of treatment expectations.”
Background
Relational Integration in the Human Brain: A Review and Synthesis
Holyoak, K. J., & Monti, M. M. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01619 · Cited by 53
“…shown to be capable of increasing (with anodal tDCS) and decreasing (with cathodal tDCS) neuronal excitability through prolonged application of weak currents at the scalp (in the range of 1–2 mA), with effects having been detected up to 1 hr after exposure (see Nitsche et al., 2008, for a review).”
Background
Polarity-specific transcranial direct current stimulation disrupts auditory pitch learning
Matsushita, R., Andoh, J., & Zatorre, R. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00174 · Cited by 49
A unifying conceptual framework of factors associated to cardiac vagal control
Laborde, S., Mosley, E., & Mertgen, A. (2018) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01002 · Cited by 49
Simultaneous transcranial and transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation to enhance athletic performance outcome in experienced boxers
Kamali, A., Kazemiha, M., Keshtkarhesamabadi, B., Daneshvari, M., Zarifkar, A., Chakrabarti, P., Kateb, B., & Nami, M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-99285-x · Cited by 48
Neuroplastic effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS): from mechanisms to clinical trials
Agboada, D., Zhao, Z., & Wischnewski, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2025.1548478 · Cited by 49
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) reverts behavioral alterations and brainstem BDNF level increase induced by neuropathic pain model: Long-lasting effect
Filho, P. R. M., Vercelino, R., Cioato, S. G., Medeiros, L. F., de Oliveira, C., Scarabelot, V. L., de Souza, A., Rozisky, J. R., de Quevedo, A. S., Adachi, L. N. S., et al. (2015) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.06.016 · Cited by 53
Self-citation
Transcranial direct current stimulation to the parietal cortex in hemispatial neglect: A feasibility study
Smit, M., Schutter, D. J. L. G., Nijboer, T. C. W., Visser‐Meily, J. M. A., Kappelle, L. J., Kant, N., Penninx, J. F., & Dijkerman, H. C. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.04.014 · Cited by 48
Accuracy and Confidence of Visual Short-Term Memory Do Not Go Hand-In-Hand: Behavioral and Neural Dissociations
Bona, S., & Silvanto, J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090808 · Cited by 47
Comparing cutaneous perception induced by electrical stimulation using rectangular and round shaped electrodes
Ambrus, G. G., Antal, A., & Paulus, W. (2010) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2010.08.023 · Cited by 48
Self-citation
Impact of antipsychotic medication on transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effects in schizophrenia patients
Agarwal, S. M., Bose, A., Shivakumar, V., Narayanaswamy, J. C., Chhabra, H., Kalmady, S. V., Varambally, S. S., Nitsche, M. A., Venkatasubramanian, G., & Gangadhar, B. N. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.11.042 · Cited by 48
Self-citation
Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation enhances the effects of motor imagery training in a finger tapping task
Saimpont, A., Mercier, C., Malouin, F., Guillot, A., Collet, C., Doyon, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2015) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13122 · Cited by 48
“Furthermore, it is important to keep in mind that tDCS does not provide focal activation of the cortex underlying the anode (Nitsche et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethod
Anodal tDCS targeting the right orbitofrontal cortex enhances facial expression recognition.
Willis, M., Murphy, J. M., Ridley, N., & Vercammen, A. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv057 · Cited by 47
Combined Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Vision Restoration Training in Subacute Stroke Rehabilitation: A Pilot Study
Alber, R., Moser, H., Gall, C., & Sabel, B. A. (2017) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.12.003 · Cited by 48
Balanced bifrontal transcranial direct current stimulation enhances working memory in adults with high-functioning autism: a sham-controlled crossover study
van Steenburgh, J. J., Varvaris, M., Schretlen, D. J., Vannorsdall, T. D., & Gordon, B. (2017) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-017-0152-x · Cited by 52
Fighting obesity: Non-pharmacological interventions
Higuera-Hernández, M. F., Reyes-Cuapio, E., Gutiérrez-Mendoza, M., Rocha, N., Veras, A. B., Budde, H., Jesse, J., Zaldívar-Rae, J., Blanco‐Centurion, C., Machado, S. E. D. C., et al. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.04.005 · Cited by 48
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Pediatric Motor Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Saleem, G. T., Crasta, J. E., Slomine, B. S., Cantarero, G. L., & Suskauer, S. J. (2018) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2018.10.011 · Cited by 48
Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Can Improve Spatial Learning and Memory and Attenuate Aβ42 Burden at the Early Stage of Alzheimer’s Disease in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice
Luo, Y.-P., Yang, W., Li, N., Yang, X., Zhu, B.-L., Wang, C., Hou, W.-S., Wang, X., Wen, H., & Tian, X.-L. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00134 · Cited by 42
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improves Reward Processing in Children With ADHD
Nejati, V., Khorrami, A. S., & Nitsche, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054720923094 · Cited by 49
“Beyond acute effects, tDCS induces plasticity of glutamatergic synapses (Nitsche et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Intensity-dependent effects of repetitive anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on learning and memory in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease
Yu, X., Li, Y., Wen, H., Zhang, Y., & Tian, X. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.06.003 · Cited by 48
Effects of bilateral, bipolar-nonbalanced, frontal transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on negative symptoms and neurocognition in a sample of patients living with schizophrenia: Results of a randomized double-blind sham-controlled trial
Lisoni, J., Baldacci, G., Nibbio, G., Zucchetti, A., Gigli, E. B. L., Savorelli, A., Facchi, M., Miotto, P., Deste, G., Barlati, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.011 · Cited by 53
Ten minutes of 1 mA transcranial direct current stimulation was well tolerated by children and adolescents: Self-reports and resting state EEG analysis
Moliadze, V., Andreas, S., Lyzhko, E., Schmanke, T., Gurashvili, T., Freitag, C. M., & Siniatchkin, M. (2015) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.09.011 · Cited by 47
Long-Term Effects of Serial Anodal tDCS on Motion Perception in Subjects with Occipital Stroke Measured in the Unaffected Visual Hemifield
Olma, M. C., Dargie, R., Behrens, J. R., Kraft, A., Irlbacher, K., Fahle, M. W., & Brandt, S. A. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00314 · Cited by 49
Motor cortex tDCS does not improve strength performance in healthy subjects
Montenegro, R. A., Okano, A. H., Gurgel, J. L., Porto, F., da Cunha, F. A., Massaferri, R., & Farinatti, P. (2015) · Motriz Revista de Educação Física · doi:10.1590/s1980-65742015000200009 · Cited by 48
Physiology, Psychoacoustics and Cognition in Normal and Impaired Hearing
van Dijk, P., Başkent, D., Gaudrain, É., de Kleine, E., Wagner, A. E., & Lanting, C. (2016) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25474-6 · Cited by 51
Transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation of the lumbar and sacral spinal cord: a modelling study
Fernandes, S. R., Salvador, R., Wenger, C., de Carvalho, M. A., & Miranda, P. C. (2018) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aaac38 · Cited by 47
Tracking the Effect of Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Cortical Excitability and Connectivity by Means of TMS-EEG
Varoli, E., Pisoni, A., Mattavelli, G. C., Vergallito, A., Gallucci, A., Mauro, L. D., Rosanova, M., Bolognini, N., Vallar, G., & Lauro, L. J. R. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00319 · Cited by 47
“…that the after-effects of both anodal and cathodal tDCS share a mechanism involving glutamatergic synapses (Stagg and Nitsche, 2011), but solely anodal tDCS plastic effects depend upon the modulation of GABAergic interneurons (Nitsche et al., 2004; Stagg et al., 2009; Stagg and Nitsche, 2011).”
Background
Can transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) improve impulsivity in healthy and psychiatric adult populations? A systematic review
Mayer, J. T., Chopard, G., Nicolier, M., Gabriel, D., Masse, C., Giustiniani, J., Vandel, P., Haffen, É., & Bennabi, D. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109814 · Cited by 51
Causality in Cognitive Neuroscience: Concepts, Challenges, and Distributional Robustness
Weichwald, S., & Peters, J. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01623 · Cited by 51
“…are noninvasive brain stimulation techniques such as TMS or direct/alternating current stimulation, which modulate neural activity by creating a field inside the brain (Kar, Ito, Cole, & Krekelberg, 2020; Bestmann & Walsh, 2017; Herrmann, Rach, Neuling, & Strüber, 2013; Nitsche et al., 2008).”
Method
Determination of anodal tDCS intensity threshold for reversal of corticospinal excitability: an investigation for induction of counter-regulatory mechanisms
Hassanzahraee, M., Nitsche, M. A., Zoghi, M., & Jaberzadeh, S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-72909-4 · Cited by 49
Self-citation
Exploring and optimizing the neuroplastic effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor cortex of older humans
Farnad, L., Ghasemian-Shirvan, E., Mosayebi-Samani, M., Kuo, M., & Nitsche, M. A. (2021) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2021.03.013 · Cited by 49
Self-citation
Astrocytic calcium activation in a mouse model of tDCS—Extended discussion
Monai, H., & Hirase, H. (2016) · Neurogenesis · doi:10.1080/23262133.2016.1240055 · Cited by 48
Transcranial direct current stimulation targeting the medial prefrontal cortex modulates functional connectivity and enhances safety learning in obsessive‐compulsive disorder: Results from two pilot studies
Adams, T. G., Cisler, J. M., Kelmendi, B., George, J. R., Kichuk, S. A., Averill, C. L., Anticevic, A., Abdallah, C. G., & Pittenger, C. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23212 · Cited by 46
“Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a relatively safe and inexpensive technique that can modulate the probability of neuronal firing by depolarizing or hyperpolarizing neurons under the anode and cathode, respectively (Nitsche et al., 2008).”
Background
Transcranial direct current stimulation of 3 cortical targets is no more effective than placebo as treatment for fibromyalgia: a double-blind sham-controlled clinical trial
Samartin-Veiga, N., Pidal-Miranda, M., González-Villar, A. J., Bradley, C., García-Larrea, L., O’Brien, A. T., & Carrillo‐de‐la‐Peña, M. T. (2021) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002493 · Cited by 47
A century of research on neuromodulation interventions: A scientometric analysis of trends and knowledge maps
Sabé, M., Sulstarova, A., Chen, C., Hyde, J., Poulet, E., Aleman, A., Downar, J. H., Brandt, V. C., Mallet, L., Sentissi, O., et al. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105300 · Cited by 49
“First, tDCS with #2 ‘tDCS ’ (0.99; 326; 2010)(Nitsche et al., 2008), with the largest cluster of the network, cluster #0 ‘tDCS/DBS evidence synthesis ’ (0.882; 428; 2017)(Nitsche and Paulus, 2000), and tACS, #13 ‘tACS ’ (0.982; 68; 2015)(Helfrich et al., 2014).”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Task-Dependent Modulation of Inputs to Proximal Upper Limb Following Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of Primary Motor Cortex
Bradnam, L. V., Stinear, C. M., Lewis, G. N., & Byblow, W. D. (2010) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01046.2009 · Cited by 47
Disrupting the Ipsilateral Motor Cortex Interferes with Training of a Complex Motor Task in Older Adults
Zimerman, M., Heise, K.-F., Gerloff, C. P., Cohen, L. G., & Hummel, F. C. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs385 · Cited by 49
Self-citation
Altering Automatic Verbal Processes with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Vannorsdall, T. D., Schretlen, D. J., Andrejczuk, M. A., Ledoux, K., Bosley, L. V., Weaver, J. R., Skolasky, R. L., & Gordon, B. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00073 · Cited by 46
Medial–Frontal Stimulation Enhances Learning in Schizophrenia by Restoring Prediction Error Signaling
Reinhart, R. M. G., Zhu, J. X., Park, S., & Woodman, G. F. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1717-15.2015 · Cited by 48
Influence of Corticospinal Tracts from Higher Order Motor Cortices on Recruitment Curve Properties in Stroke
Potter–Baker, K. A., Varnerin, N. M., Cunningham, D. A., Roelle, S. M., Sankarasubramanian, V., Bonnett, C. E., Machado, A. G., Conforto, A. B., Sakaie, K., & Plow, E. B. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00079 · Cited by 50
Physics of effects of transcranial brain stimulation
Miranda, P. C. (2013) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53497-2.00029-2 · Cited by 50
Converging effects of diverse treatment modalities on frontal cortex in schizophrenia: A review of longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging studies
Kani, A. S., Shinn, A. K., Lewandowski, K. E., & Öngür, D. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.10.012 · Cited by 46
Applications of transcranial direct current stimulation in children and pediatrics
Urbina, G. N. R., Nitsche, M. A., Vicario, C. M., & Molero‐Chamizo, A. (2016) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2016-0045 · Cited by 46
“Prolonged stimulation results in neuroplastic after-effects, which depend on the glutamatergic systems and resemble mechanisms of long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (Nitsche et al., 2008; Stagg and Nitsche, 2011).”
Self-citation
Cerebellar patients do not benefit from cerebellar or M1 transcranial direct current stimulation during force-field reaching adaptation
Hulst, T., John, L., Küper, M., van der Geest, J. N., Göricke, S. L., Donchin, O., & Timmann, D. (2017) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00808.2016 · Cited by 47
Neurophysiological and cognitive effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in three girls with Rett Syndrome with chronic language impairments
Fabio, R. A., Gangemi, A., Caprì, T., Budden, S. S., & Falzone, A. (2018) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2018.03.008 · Cited by 46
Transcranial direct current stimulation over the sensory‐motor regions inhibits gamma synchrony
Pellegrino, G., Arcara, G., Pino, G. D., Turco, C., Maran, M., Weis, L., Piccione, F., & Siebner, H. R. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24556 · Cited by 45
“…widely investigated in pericentral regions corresponding to the hand sensory-motor cortex, where tDCS induces excitability changes and triggers synaptic plasticity-like mechanisms (Di Lazzaro et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2011; Nitsche et al., 2008; Nitsche & Paulus, 2000; Ziemann et al., 2008).”
Background
The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex and temporo-parietal junction in third-party punishment behavior
Gerfo, E. L., Gallucci, A., Morese, R., Vergallito, A., Ottone, S., Ponzano, F., Locatelli, G., Bosco, F. M., & Lauro, L. J. R. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.047 · Cited by 46
Stimulating the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) modulates frustration-induced aggression: A tDCS experiment
Gallucci, A., Riva, P., Lauro, L. J. R., & Bushman, B. J. (2019) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2019.10.015 · Cited by 51
New Methods, Old Brains—A Systematic Review on the Effects of tDCS on the Cognition of Elderly People
Siegert, A., Diedrich, L., & Antal, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.730134 · Cited by 45
Self-citation
Effects of rTMS and tDCS on neuropathic pain after brachial plexus injury: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study
de Assis, E. B., Martins, W. K. N., de Carvalho, C. D., Ferreira, C. M., Gomes, R., Rodrigues, E. T. D. A., Meira, U., de Holanda, L. J., Lindquist, A. R. R., Morya, E., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-05254-3 · Cited by 39
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the parietal cortex leads to increased false recognition
Pergolizzi, D., & Chua, E. F. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.012 · Cited by 48
Cathodal HD-tDCS on the right V5 improves motion perception in humans
Zito, G. A., Senti, T., Cazzoli, D., Müri, R. M., Mosimann, U. P., Nyffeler, T., & Nef, T. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00257 · Cited by 45
Educating the adult brain: How the neuroscience of learning can inform educational policy
Knowland, V. C. P., & Thomas, M. S. C. (2014) · International Review of Education · doi:10.1007/s11159-014-9412-6 · Cited by 52
Differential improvement in depressive symptoms for tDCS alone and combined with pharmacotherapy: an exploratory analysis from The Sertraline Vs. Electrical Current Therapy For Treating Depression Clinical Study
Brunoni, A. R., Fráguas, R., Kemp, A. H., Lotufo, P. A., Benseñor, I. M., & Fregni, F. (2013) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145713001065 · Cited by 44
Self-citation
Controlling Your Impulses: Electrical Stimulation of the Human Supplementary Motor Complex Prevents Impulsive Errors
Spieser, L., van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., Hasbroucq, T., Ridderinkhof, K. R., & Burle, B. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1642-14.2015 · Cited by 54
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for the Treatment of Persistent Visual and Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia: A Case Study
Shiozawa, P., da Silva, M. E., Cordeiro, Q., Fregni, F., & Brunoni, A. R. (2013) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2013.03.003 · Cited by 45
Self-citation
Efficacy and safety of bifocal tDCS as an interventional treatment for refractory schizophrenia
Brunelin, J., Mondino, M., Haesebaert, F., Saoud, M., Suaud‐Chagny, M., & Poulet, E. (2011) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2011.03.010 · Cited by 45

Authors: Nitsche, M. A., Cohen, L. G., Wassermann, E. M., Priori, A., Lang, N., Antal, A., Paulus, W., Hummel, F., Boggio, P. S., Fregni, F., & Pascual-Leone, A.
Affiliations: University of Göttingen (DE)
National Institutes of Health (US)
University of Milan (IT)
Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
Universität Hamburg (DE)
Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie (BR)
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author: Nitsche, Michael A.
ORCID: Nitsche, Michael A.
Cohen, Leonardo G.
Wassermann, Eric M.
Priori, Alberto
Lang, Nicolas
Antal, Andrea
Paulus, Walter
Hummel, Friedhelm
Boggio, Paulo S.
Fregni, Felipe
Venue: Brain Stimulation
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-07
Volume: 1
Issue: 3
Pages: 206-223
ISSN: 1876-4754 (ISSN-L)
1935-861X
DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2008.06.004
OpenAlex: W2162932719
Cited by: 3,057
References: 122
Citations by year: 2026: 110 · 2025: 166 · 2024: 152 · 2023: 175 · 2022: 168 · 2021: 218 · 2020: 233 · 2019: 298 · 2018: 239 · 2017: 208 · 2016: 234 · 2015: 227 · 2014: 181 · 2013: 172 · 2012: 113
FWCI: 4.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
doaj.org
Licence: cc-by-sa
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Brain stimulation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
Keywords: transcranial direct current stimulation, non-invasive brain stimulation, cortical excitability, behavioral effects, brain disorders
MeSH terms: Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation, Humans, Research Design, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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