Personalized Education and Artificial Intelligence in the United States, China, and India: A Systematic Review Using a Human-In-The-Loop Model
Open accessAbstract
The traditional “one size fits all” education system has been largely criticized in recent years on the ground of its lacking the capacity to meet individual student needs. Global education systems are leaning towards a more personalized, student-centered approach. Innovations like Big Data, Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have given the modern-day technology to accommodate the distinctive features of human beings - smart machines and computers have been built to understand individual-specific needs. This opens an avenue for “personalization” in the education sector. From, mushrooming of Education Technology (EdTech) start-ups to government funding in AI research, it is evident that the next generation educational reforms would take a quantum leap forward piloted by Big Data analysis and AI. The objective of this paper is to organize the vast literature on the use of AI for personalization of education and to shed light on the key themes by which an AI-driven approach makes structural modifications to the existing education system. To this effect, the paper employed a systematic review using a Human-In-The-Loop natural language processing model of past two years' literature (2019–2021) in English language from IEEE Xplore on countries China, India and the USA. This process yielded more than 2000 search results at first and these were eventually shortlisted to 353 relevant papers for in-depth analysis. Being the pioneers in EdTech innovations, insights from research done in these three countries provides valuable input for the development of global education systems and research. The findings bring forward AI's success in catering to specific learning requirements, learning habits, and learning abilities of students and guiding them into optimized learning paths across all three countries. Not just that, it is also evident from the literature that AI augments educational content, customizes it for any individual according to their needs, and raises the flag of caution for anticipated learning difficulties. This recalibrates the role of instructors as well as optimizes the teaching-learning environment for a better learning experience. The upward trajectory of educational development with AI opens a new horizon of personalized education for the future generation, but also comes with its challenges. Data privacy issues, availability of digital resources, and affordability constraints have been reported in the recent literature as impediments in the way of promoting such technologies for day-to-day practice.
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Personalised learning approaches lead to improved student engagement, better understanding of material, and enhanced academic performance.
“The use of personalised learning approaches leads to improved student engagement, better understanding of the material, and enhanced academic performance [26, 30–33].”
From Generative AI in Higher Education: Balancing Innovation and Integrity (2025) · cites this paper as [33]
Section 5.2.1 (page not provided) says student-centered personalization is likely to make learning more engaging, while §5.2.3 says an adaptive learning path can improve performance relative to a learner’s initial choice. The paper does not specifically establish better understanding of the material, and the claim presents these outcomes more definitively and broadly than the passages do. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe use of AI can make tutoring more efficient by providing personalized content that matches the learner's ability.
“The use of AI can make tutoring more efficient by providing personalized content that matches the learner's ability (Bhutoria, 2022).”
From The Future of Artificial Intelligence in Special Education Technology (2023) · cites this paper as Bhutoria, 2022
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ADVANCEMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN AI INTEGRATION FOR TECHNICAL LITERACY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
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The Emerging Role of Artificial Intelligence in STEM Higher Education: A Critical Review
Nagaraj, B. K., A, K., R, S. B., S, A., Sachdev, H. K., & N, S. K. (2023) · International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Technovation · doi:10.54392/irjmt2351 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence Integration: Pedagogical Strategies and Policies at Leading Universities
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Role of AI in Blended Learning: A Systematic Literature Review
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Personalized learning through AI: Pedagogical approaches and critical insights
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AI-Driven Personalized Learning Paths: Enhancing Education Through Adaptive Systems
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“Similarly, tools like Carnegie Learning's MATHia and Pearson's Realize platform use AI to provide personalized learning pathways for students in various subjects, including math, science, and language arts (Bhutoria, 2022, Chang, et. al., 2023, Maghsudi, et. al., 2021).”
MethodA Comprehensive Systematic Review of AI-Driven Approaches to Self-Directed Learning
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Generative Artificial Intelligence in Education: Discussions and Forecasts
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The Educational Value of Artificial Intelligence and Social Robots
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Examining AI Use in Educational Contexts: A Scoping Meta-Review and Bibliometric Analysis
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AI in Higher Education: Academic Integrity, Harmony of Insights, and Recommendations
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AI-Based Human Resource Management Tools and Techniques; A Systematic Literature Review
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Analyzing the Effectiveness of AI-Powered Adaptive Learning Platforms in Mathematics Education
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“(2019) and Bhutoria (2022), who found that incorporating AI-driven platforms into educational contexts improved learning outcomes.”
Allil, K. (2024) · Journal of Marketing Analytics · doi:10.1057/s41270-023-00281-z · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Xu, S., Chen, P., & Zhang, G. (2024) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440241290013 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“For example, AI can enhance education by tailoring learning pathways for individual students through the analysis of their learning data and performance, ultimately improving course design (Bhutoria, 2022).”
Artificial intelligence for personalized learning: a systematic literature review
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Potential Benefits and Risks of Artificial Intelligence in Education
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“Furthermore, AI may also learn the level of students in a group and present diverse and individual options tailored to the needs of each individual and group (Bhutoria, 2022; Kamalov et al., 2023).”
BackgroundZhai, X., Zhao, R., Jiang, Y., & Wu, H. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14090838 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Yang, Z., Wu, J. G., & Xie, H. (2024) · Asia Pacific Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/02188791.2023.2300137 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“As GAI technology continues to advance, it is essential for school leaders to realize the importance of governmental guidelines, regulations and laws associated with GAI and update their own regulations to align with ethical practices (Bhutoria, 2022).”
Li, H. (2024) · Wireless Networks · doi:10.1007/s11276-024-03772-8 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“The positive role of school management, family farming [9], and social leadership in the life education of college students are generally given to scholars [10].”
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Performance of ChatGPT on registered nurse license exam in Taiwan: a descriptive study
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“ChatGPT empowers the customization of educational materials and evaluation instruments, allowing for personalized adaptations that cater to the unique requirements and learning preferences of individual students [19].”
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“…research has emphasized that as the New Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan has been published by China’s State Coun - cil, it is necessary to encourage secondary and elementary schools to develop AI curricula and promote AI literacy among students (Bhutoria, 2022; Ng et al., 2021).”
Reimagining education: Bridging artificial intelligence, transhumanism, and critical pedagogy
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“…to discover patterns in student behavior (Xia et al. 2022), forecast academic results (Swiecki et al. 2022), build personalized learning techniques (Bhutoria, 2022; Goksel & Bozkurt, 2019), and enhance social and cognitive learning processes by augmenting educational experiences (Bozkurt, 2023a).”
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“The attainment of these specific objectives is designed to offer practical and feasible solutions for introducing innovative technologies into art education, enhancing teaching quality, and stimulating students’ creativity [23], [24], [25].”
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“Furthermore, sophisticated data analysis techniques have enhanced the precision of these customized learning pathways (Bhutoria, 2022).”
Gandolfi, A. (2024) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-024-00403-3 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“LLMs such as ChatGPT have shown potential in providing customized assistance to learners, tailoring their responses to individual students’ needs and levels of understanding (Bhutoria (2022)).”
Bhattacharjee, A., Zeng, Y.-C., Xu, S., Kulzhabayeva, D., Ma, M., Kornfield, R., Ahmed, S. I., Mariakakis, A., Czerwinski, M. P., Kuzminykh, A., et al. (2023) · International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642081 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Furthermore, LLMs have the potential to facilitate personalized learning journeys by recommending courses or materials that correspond with an individual’s academic objectives and interests [13, 54, 81].”
BackgroundTrends in NLP for personalized learning: LDA and sentiment analysis insights
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“As NLP technologies become increasingly sophisticated and ubiquitous, it is crucial to understand how they are being applied in educational settings and how various stakeholders perceive their impact (Bhutoria, 2022; Rodrigues et al., 2022).”
de Fine Licht, K. (2024) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-024-00799-9 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Without strict guidelines and robust data protection measures, the handling of this data can lead to significant privacy violations, putting students at risk of unauthorized data sharing (see, e.g., Bhutoria, 2022).”
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“Through the utilization of AI, instructors can customize instructional content and materials to accommodate the distinct learning preferences of individual students [55, 62].”
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Hello! How Can I Help You? Role of Technology Appetite on AI Adoption in the Post‐Pandemic Era
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“In emerging markets, such as India, AI is both developed and consumed extensively, with users and investors recognizing its transformative potential (Bhutoria 2022).”
Emotional Artificial Intelligence in Education: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Zhang, H., Liu, Y., Jiang, M., Chen, J., Wang, M., & PAAS, F. G. W. C. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10086-4 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Most studies selected in this review were conducted in Chinese Mainland, the United States, Taiwan, and South Korea, consistent with favorable AI policies and significant investments in educational technology from these countries or regions (Bhutoria, 2022; Lee & Kwon, 2024; Yan & Yang, 2021).”
A Review of Artificial Intelligence in K-12 Education
Azzam, A., & Charles, T. (2024) · Open Journal of Applied Sciences · doi:10.4236/ojapps.2024.148137 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Enhancing inclusive education in the UAE: Integrating AI for diverse learning needs
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Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Education: A Comprehensive Review
Chaushi, B. A., Selimi, B., Chaushi, A., & Apostolova, M. (2023) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-44067-0_3 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
A review of AI-driven pedagogical strategies for equitable access to science education
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“Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS are AI-driven platforms that provide personalized instruction and feedback to students based on their individual learning needs and progress (Addy, et. al., 2024, Aggarwal, 2023, Bhutoria, 2022).”
BackgroundThe AI-driven classroom: A review of 21st century curriculum trends
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“The academic community currently regards PAC as one of the best curriculum approaches because of its potential to enhance student engagement, improve learning outcomes, and cater to individual learner needs (Bhutoria, 2022).”
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Rueda de la Pedagogía para la Inteligencia Artificial: adaptación de la Rueda de Carrington
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“To produce a thorough and accurate review of existing research, we followed a detailed process informed by previous work on systematic literature reviews (Ifenthaler & Yau, 2020) and text mining (Bhutoria, 2022).”
Personalized Learning Paths: Adapting Education with AI-Driven Curriculum
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Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: A Bibliometric Approach
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BackgroundThe Impact of Artificial Intelligence in Educational System
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“In the context of artificial intelligence, technological literacy also includes understanding how AI systems can support the educational process by enhancing the personalization and adaptability of learning (Bhutoria, 2022).”
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Generative AI: hopes, controversies and the future of faculty roles in education
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Transformative Marketing Education: Drivers, Outcomes, and Research Agenda
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“…reviewed in compulsory or K–12 education (Boninger et al., 2019; Roberts-Mahoney et al., 2016), its scope in higher education has been received favorably (Bhutoria, 2022; Whalley et al., 2021), albeit with caveats relating to data privacy challenges and ethical practices about the use of data.”
AI in Inclusive Education: A Systematic Review of Opportunities and Challenges in the Indian Context
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“AI technologies, such as natural language processing and adaptive learning systems, have the potential to address these challenges by providing personalised and linguistically appropriate educational resources (Bhutoria, 2022).”
Algorithmic learning or learner autonomy? Rethinking AI’s role in digital education
Nopas, D.-S. (2025) · Qualitative Research Journal · doi:10.1108/qrj-11-2024-0282 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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“In addition, chatbots contribute to developing critical thinking and writing skills (Tupper et al. 2024), and career planning (Bhutoria, 2022).”
- Authors
- Bhutoria, A.
- Affiliations
- Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Bhutoria, Aditi
- ORCID
- Bhutoria, Aditi
- Venue
- Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022
- Volume
- 3
- Pages
- 100068
- ISSN
- 2666-920X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4224912036
- Cited by
- 677
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 128 · 2025: 251 · 2024: 210 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 14
- FWCI
- 17.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Educational Technology and Pedagogy
- Keywords
- personalized education, artificial intelligence in education, educational technology, adaptive learning paths, teacher role, data privacy, digital divide, educational reform, United States, China, India
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