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Personalized education and Artificial Intelligence in the United States, China, and India: A systematic review using a Human-In-The-Loop model
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The traditional “one size fits all” education system has been largely criticized in recent years on the ground of its lacking the capacity to meet individual student needs. Global education systems are leaning towards a more personalized, student-centered approach. Innovations like Big Data, Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have given the modern-day technology to accommodate the distinctive features of human beings - smart machines and computers have been built to understand individual-specific needs. This opens an avenue for “personalization” in the education sector. From, mushrooming of Education Technology (EdTech) start-ups to government funding in AI research, it is evident that the next generation educational reforms would take a quantum leap forward piloted by Big Data analysis and AI. The objective of this paper is to organize the vast literature on the use of AI for personalization of education and to shed light on the key themes by which an AI-driven approach makes structural modifications to the existing education system. To this effect, the paper employed a systematic review using a Human-In-The-Loop natural language processing model of past two years' literature (2019–2021) in English language from IEEE Xplore on countries China, India and the USA. This process yielded more than 2000 search results at first and these were eventually shortlisted to 353 relevant papers for in-depth analysis. Being the pioneers in EdTech innovations, insights from research done in these three countries provides valuable input for the development of global education systems and research. The findings bring forward AI's success in catering to specific learning requirements, learning habits, and learning abilities of students and guiding them into optimized learning paths across all three countries. Not just that, it is also evident from the literature that AI augments educational content, customizes it for any individual according to their needs, and raises the flag of caution for anticipated learning difficulties. This recalibrates the role of instructors as well as optimizes the teaching-learning environment for a better learning experience. The upward trajectory of educational development with AI opens a new horizon of personalized education for the future generation, but also comes with its challenges. Data privacy issues, availability of digital resources, and affordability constraints have been reported in the recent literature as impediments in the way of promoting such technologies for day-to-day practice.
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“The use of personalised learning approaches leads to improved student engagement, better understanding of the material, and enhanced academic performance [26, 30–33].”
From Generative AI in Higher Education: Balancing Innovation and Integrity (2025) · cites this paper as [33]
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“The use of AI can make tutoring more efficient by providing personalized content that matches the learner's ability (Bhutoria, 2022).”
From The Future of Artificial Intelligence in Special Education Technology (2023) · cites this paper as Bhutoria, 2022
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Azzam, A., & Charles, T. (2024) · Open Journal of Applied Sciences · doi:10.4236/ojapps.2024.148137 · Cited by 37
Enhancing inclusive education in the UAE: Integrating AI for diverse learning needs
Naggar, A. E., Gaad, E., & Inocencio, S. A. M. (2024) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2024.104685 · Cited by 58
Hu, Y.-H., Hsieh, C.-L., & Salac, E. S. N. (2024) · The Journal of Academic Librarianship · doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2024.102885 · Cited by 44
Fung, K. Y., Fung, K. C., Lui, T. L. R., Sin, K. F., Lee, L., Qu, H., & Song, S. (2025) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-024-00362-1 · Cited by 44
Kooli, C., & CHAKRAOUI, R. (2025) · Sustainable Futures · doi:10.1016/j.sftr.2025.101042 · Cited by 91
Explainable Artificial Intelligence in Education: A Comprehensive Review
Chaushi, B. A., Selimi, B., Chaushi, A., & Apostolova, M. (2023) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-44067-0_3 · Cited by 40
A review of AI-driven pedagogical strategies for equitable access to science education
Eden, C. A., Adeleye, O. O., & Adeniyi, I. S. (2024) · Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews · doi:10.30574/msarr.2024.10.2.0043 · Cited by 46
“Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS are AI-driven platforms that provide personalized instruction and feedback to students based on their individual learning needs and progress (Addy, et. al., 2024, Aggarwal, 2023, Bhutoria, 2022).”
BackgroundThe AI-driven classroom: A review of 21st century curriculum trends
Jaramillo, J. J., & Chiappe, A. (2024) · Prospects · doi:10.1007/s11125-024-09704-w · Cited by 64
“The academic community currently regards PAC as one of the best curriculum approaches because of its potential to enhance student engagement, improve learning outcomes, and cater to individual learner needs (Bhutoria, 2022).”
Gómez, M. M., Marqués-Villarroya, S., Castillo, J. C., Castro‐González, Á., & Malfáz, M. (2022) · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2022.105631 · Cited by 36
Rueda de la Pedagogía para la Inteligencia Artificial: adaptación de la Rueda de Carrington
Jiménez-García, E., Orenes-Martínez, N., & Fraile, L. A. L. (2023) · RIED Revista Iberoamericana de Educación a Distancia · doi:10.5944/ried.27.1.37622 · Cited by 74
Yu, J. H., Chauhan, D., Iqbal, R. A., & Yeoh, E. (2024) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-024-10425-2 · Cited by 43
“To produce a thorough and accurate review of existing research, we followed a detailed process informed by previous work on systematic literature reviews (Ifenthaler & Yau, 2020) and text mining (Bhutoria, 2022).”
Personalized Learning Paths: Adapting Education with AI-Driven Curriculum
Sharma, A., Naik, M., & Radhakrishnan, S. (2023) · European Economic Letters · doi:10.52783/eel.v14i1.993 · Cited by 30
Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: A Bibliometric Approach
Kavitha, K., Joshith, V. P., Rajeev, N. P., & Asha, S. (2024) · European Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.12973/eu-jer.13.3.1121 · Cited by 63
Kotsis, K. Τ. (2024) · European Journal of Contemporary Education and E-Learning · doi:10.59324/ejceel.2024.2(3).04 · Cited by 37
“AI facilitates personalised instruction by adapting to each student's learning preferences and pace via adaptive learning platforms, enabling customised and efficacious educational encounters (Bhutoria, 2022).”
BackgroundThe Impact of Artificial Intelligence in Educational System
Bit, D., Biswas, S., & Nag, M. (2024) · International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology · doi:10.32628/ijsrst2411424 · Cited by 32
Λαμπρόπουλος, Γ. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15063223 · Cited by 55
Pabba, C., Bhardwaj, V., & Kumar, P. (2023) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-023-16388-5 · Cited by 35
Moreira-Chóez, J. S., Barzola, K. E. G., de Rodríguez, T. M. L., García, Á. R. S., Mendoza, J. C. C., & Barcia, L. A. C. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1425487 · Cited by 78
“In the context of artificial intelligence, technological literacy also includes understanding how AI systems can support the educational process by enhancing the personalization and adaptability of learning (Bhutoria, 2022).”
Oubibi, M., Hryshayeva, K., & Huang, R. (2025) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2025.2454445 · Cited by 43
“…shown great potential in changing traditional teaching methods and providing personalized learning experiences and intelligent support to learners (Bhutoria, 2022). elucidated by Fredricks et al. in 2004, represents a meta-construct that encompasses three fundamental dimensions: behavioral,…”
Generative AI: hopes, controversies and the future of faculty roles in education
Aad, S. S., & Hardey, M. (2024) · Quality Assurance in Education · doi:10.1108/qae-02-2024-0043 · Cited by 44
Transformative Marketing Education: Drivers, Outcomes, and Research Agenda
Kumar, V., Rajan, B., & Garg, V. (2024) · Journal of Marketing Education · doi:10.1177/02734753241266170 · Cited by 30
“…reviewed in compulsory or K–12 education (Boninger et al., 2019; Roberts-Mahoney et al., 2016), its scope in higher education has been received favorably (Bhutoria, 2022; Whalley et al., 2021), albeit with caveats relating to data privacy challenges and ethical practices about the use of data.”
AI in Inclusive Education: A Systematic Review of Opportunities and Challenges in the Indian Context
Gupta, M., & Kaul, S. (2024) · MIER Journal of Educational Studies Trends & Practices · doi:10.52634/mier/2024/v14/i2/2702 · Cited by 34
“AI technologies, such as natural language processing and adaptive learning systems, have the potential to address these challenges by providing personalised and linguistically appropriate educational resources (Bhutoria, 2022).”
Algorithmic learning or learner autonomy? Rethinking AI’s role in digital education
Nopas, D.-S. (2025) · Qualitative Research Journal · doi:10.1108/qrj-11-2024-0282 · Cited by 55
Arya, V., Saraf, A., Юрьевич, Ч. Н., Papa, A., & Romano, M. (2025) · The Journal of Technology Transfer · doi:10.1007/s10961-025-10233-7 · Cited by 41
Uludağ, F., Kılıç, E., & Çelik, H. E. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-05641-x · Cited by 41
“In addition, chatbots contribute to developing critical thinking and writing skills (Tupper et al. 2024), and career planning (Bhutoria, 2022).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Bhutoria, A.
- Affiliations
- Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Bhutoria, Aditi
- ORCID
- Bhutoria, Aditi
- Venue
- Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022
- Volume
- 3
- Pages
- 100068
- ISSN
- 2666-920X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4224912036
- Cited by
- 677
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 128 · 2025: 251 · 2024: 210 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 14
- FWCI
- 17.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Technology and Pedagogy
- Keywords
- personalized education, artificial intelligence in education, educational technology, adaptive learning paths, teacher role, data privacy, digital divide, educational reform, United States, China, India
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