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Empowering learners for the age of artificial intelligence
Open accessAbstract
Although studied for decades by the research community, artificial intelligence (AI) in education has recently sparked much public debate with the wide-spread popularity of systems such as ChatGPT and DALL-E. Existing literature offers a wealth of research on design, deploying and evaluating AI-driven systems in education. However, the challenges related to the growing influence of AI in the society, calls for revisiting research foundations of AI in education in order to inform decision-making in policy and guide future research. This special issue of Computers & Education: Artificial Intelligence brings 11 papers that explore the theme of empowering learners for the age of AI. The contributions of these papers can be broadly grouped into seven main themes: intersection between AI and humans that looks at the space of coordination; assessment that explores challenges and opportunities afforded by the use of AI in educational assessment; explainability in AI as a critical need for humans in education to understand and trust AI; design for learning that offers principles for designing AI-driven systems and educational opportunities; conceptual AI and learning exploring the need for the development of new theories of learning and their connections with existing theoretical foundations in education; accurate predictions and their role in future education; and applications of AI in classrooms and educational systems. The findings of these studies highlight pressing research and p…
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“Moreover, there is a notable research gap in the study of human-AI collaboration dynamics in academic writing.”
From Human-AI collaboration patterns in AI-assisted academic writing (2024) · cites this paper as Gašević et al. 2023
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“However, it is also well recognised that GenAI's statistical genesis promotes biases and other limitations, including the risk of factual inaccuracies, hallucinations, cultural colonisation, and a tendency towards 'expected' ideas and expressions (Creely and Henderson 2025;Gašević, Siemens & Sadiq, 2023).”
From Comparing Generative AI and teacher feedback: student perceptions of usefulness and trustworthiness (2026) · cites this paper as Gašević, Siemens & Sadiq, 2023
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Explainable Artificial Intelligence in education
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Self-citation(2019) · Cited by 467
Empowering Educators to Be AI-Ready
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Assessment in the age of artificial intelligence
Swiecki, Z., Khosravi, H., Chen, G., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Lodge, J. M., Milligan, S., Selwyn, N., & Gašević, D. (2022) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100075 · Cited by 409
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- 2022, DARPA's ANSR to improving trustworthy AI, Defense Advanced Research Project Agency
- Marcus, 2023, AGI will not happen in your lifetime. Or will it?, The Road to AI We Can Trust
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Items 101–200 of 237
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“Recent studies in the new development of technology in HEIs seek students to be empowered with skills in the use of informal e-learning platforms ranging from the use of SNS to AI (Chowdhury, 2024; Gašević et al., 2023).”
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“Gašević et al. (2023) similarly proposes that AI can empower all learners, especially by using AI to help co-regulate, enact shared-regulation, and develop self-regulated learning skills to foster independence and autonomy in learning processes.”
Mapping Employable Skills in Higher Education Curriculum Using LLMs
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The Impact of Generative Artificial Intelligence on Education: A Comparative Study
Elmourabit, Z., Retbi, A., & Faddouli, N.-E. E. (2024) · European Conference on e-Learning · doi:10.34190/ecel.23.1.2975 · Cited by 14
“The collection and analysis of comprehensive student data raises questions about privacy and the prevention of unauthorized access or misuse ( Gašević et al, 2023).”
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“…centers stand at the forefront of ai research, offering the theoretical frameworks and practical implementations that drive forward ai advancements (Gašević et al., 2023). collaborative actions between academia, the private sector, and the government have forged a symbiotic loop that accelerates…”
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Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence tools in higher education environments
Seco, D., Groesser, S. N., & Pedrosa, A. M. (2025) · Multidisciplinary Journal for Education Social and Technological Sciences · doi:10.4995/muse.2025.23623 · Cited by 10
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Transformation, support needs and AI, in K-12 education
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Epistemic dependence in AI-mediated learning
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AI and Personalised Grading Criteria
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The R5E pattern: can artificial intelligence enhance programming skills development?
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“To maximize the beneficial potential of AI in education, it is essential to cultivate a deeper understanding of its underlying principles and operational mechanisms, while concurrently safeguarding humanistic values and ethical considerations (Gašević et al., 2023 ).”
Collaborative sensemaking with generative AI
Vallis, C., Taleo, W., Wheeler, P., Casey, A., Tucker, S., Luu, J., & Zeivots, S. (2023) · ASCILITE Publications · doi:10.14742/apubs.2023.514 · Cited by 5
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Human Centered Implementation Process of AI in SMEs – Conditions for Success
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AI-driven innovations in automation and urban management
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The Interplay Between Creativity, Thinking Styles, Higher Education, and Generative AI
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What is the Minimum to Trust AI?—A Requirement Analysis for (Generative) AI-Based Texts
Tomitza, C., Schaschek, M., Straub, L., & Winkelmann, A. (2025) · Lecture notes in information systems and organisation · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-80119-8_14 · Cited by 4
Abhishek, N., Devesh, S., Dinesh, S., Kulal, A., & Suraj, N. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3321483/v1 · Cited by 5
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“…applications and the comparison of their architectures, not to mention the numerous journals dedicated specifically to AI in education or computers in education (e.g., Gašević et al. 2023, Holmes 2024; Scarlatos 2024, also Chad Lane 2023), the present article can contribute little that is new here.”
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Feasibility and Challenges of AI Empowering Higher Education
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AI Literacy in Learning and Educational Technology
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Teacher feedback dilemmas and the use of GenAI: Challenges or opportunities?
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Jitanugoon, S., & Puntha, P. (2026) · Journal of Engineering and Technology Management · doi:10.1016/j.jengtecman.2026.101996 · Cited by 2
Trends and Challenges in Digital Education in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
Duart, J. M. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-4442-8_2 · Cited by 2
Possible Applications of ChatGPT in Higher Education
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Implementing Online Project-Based Learning
Liu, Y. (2024) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-4407-1.ch007 · Cited by 3
A Wizard of Oz methodology for designing future learning spaces
Edwards, J., Nguyen, A., Lämsä, J., Sobocinski, M., Whitehead, R., Dang, B., & Järvelä, S. (2025) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2024.2429433 · Cited by 3
“…Arti fi cial Intelligence (AI) and other advanced technologies into Higher Education (HE) learning spaces has facilitated a signi fi cant shift in educational methodologies, expectations, and conceptualizations of learning environments (Ga š evi ć et al., 2023; Järvelä et al., 2023; Molenaar, 2022).”
Perceptions of Educators on the Use of Text-Generative AI in South African Higher Education
Coleman, M., & Belle, J.-P. V. (2025) · Lecture notes in electrical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-9045-6_4 · Cited by 3
Performance Optimization of Intelligent Perception System in Maritime Traffic Sensing and Management
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“Intelligence [1]-[4] is the product of the deep integration of the automation and informatization, that is, machines have a certain ability to think, and can partially or completely replace human mental labor, and achieve mutual understanding together with collaboration between humans and machines.”
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Creating and Implementing a Custom Chatbot in Engineering Education
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“It may contain factual errors that look convincing to a novice [6].”
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Investigating the Effectiveness and Benefits and Challenges of ChatGPT as a Learning Tool
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Selbstbestimmtes Handeln mit KI in der Hochschule: Forschungsdefizit und -perspektiven
Reinmann, G., Watanabe, A., Herzberg, D., & Simon, J. (2025) · Zeitschrift für Hochschulentwicklung · doi:10.21240/zfhe/sh-ki-1/03 · Cited by 1
Revolutionizing Language Education
Jaafarawi, N. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-7332-3.ch019 · Cited by 1
Saputro, E. D., Maksum, M. N. R., Hidayat, S., Salim, H., & Nisa, A. T. (2025) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0262018 · Cited by 1
Chasokela, D., & Hlongwane, J. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-5623-4.ch012 · Cited by 1
Järvelä, S., Rummel, N., Cukurova, M., Radtke, A., Meyer, J., Yang, S. F., Schneider, B., Rosé, C. P., Martinez, M. O., Peppler, K., et al. (2025) · Computer-supported collaborative learning/The Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning Conference · doi:10.22318/cscl2025.370057 · Cited by 1
“The advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and its increased integration into educational contexts offer both novel challenges and opportunities (Gašević et al., 2023).”
Statistical probability prediction model for E-Learning and realtime proctoring using IoT devices
Alotaibi, R., Khan, N. A., & Akhtar, M. M. (2025) · Journal of King Saud University - Science · doi:10.25259/jksus_700_2025 · Cited by 6
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Hachoumi, N., Eddabbah, M., & Adib, A. R. E. (2025) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.70250 · Cited by 1
Generative Ai in Fashion: a Survey and Cgan Framework for Saree Blouse Design
Jyothika, C., Hugar, V., Vasist, V. J., Yashasvini, M. R., & Namratha, M. (2025) · International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development · doi:10.23919/indiacom66777.2025.11115694 · Cited by 1
“Despite all the disadvantages, [14] showed how AI could be used to personalize the learning process, making it more adaptive.”
Supporting Learning Design for Sustainable Development Using Large Language Models
Ocheja, P., Alkhasawneh, S. N., Theophilou, E., Ogata, H., & Hernández‐Leo, D. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-03873-9_25 · Cited by 1
Re-thinking SoTL for the Age of GenAI
Mills, J., Beynen, T., Chia, I. S. M., Fitzgerald, R., Hall, K. A., Lai, E., Mason, J., & Newell, S. J. (2025) · Teaching & Learning Inquiry The ISSOTL Journal · doi:10.20343/teachlearninqu.13.49 · Cited by 2
“If “education is concerned with preparing people to navigate complex futures” (Gašević, Siemens, and Sadiq 2023, 1), then we need to fully engage with GenAI and develop our own mastery.”
Ciampa, K., Wolfe, Z. M., & MacDonald, E. C. (2025) · Computers in the Schools · doi:10.1080/07380569.2025.2602506 · Cited by 3
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Harnessing AI for Sustainable Education: Pathways and Implications
Pérez‐Jorge, D., Olmos-Raya, E., Alonso-Rodríguez, I., Hernández-Dionis, P., & Pérez, I. P. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-4871-2_2 · Cited by 2
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“…of technologies and practical strategies that allow for their relatively safe use—such as shared labeling systems (European Commission, 2022; Gašević et al., 2023) and watermarked and measurable short texts (Kamaruddin et al., 2018)—which, however, require appropriate national policies to…”
Ethical and Social Considerations in the Deployment of AI in Education
Selvakumar, P. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-5188-9.ch005 · Cited by 1
Assessment and Feedback Through Generative AI Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Hazra, R., Chatterjee, P., & Ghosh, S. (2026) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-6063-8.ch005 · Cited by 1
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Shibli, A. T., Rahma, N. G. A., & Salih, J. I. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-63717-9_23 · Cited by 3
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Beyond Control: Will to Power in AIPreprint
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DEI Perspectives in Information Technology Education
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Self-citationStudents’ Perspectives on ChatGPT in China
Luo, C., & Yunus, M. M. (2023) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i12/20257
AI Transformation for Learning in Organizations
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Harthy, K. A., & Hasani, S. A. A. (2024) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-2145-4.ch011
أخلاقيات الذكاء الاصطناعي في التعليم من وجهة نظر الطلبة الدوليين: تطبيقات ChatGPT نموذجا
الشمراني, ص. ع. ا. ب. ع. (2024) · المجلة التربوية لکلية التربية بسوهاج · doi:10.21608/edusohag.2024.252847.1391
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Gonçalves, B. F., Patrício, M. R., & Comiche, A. C. (2024) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-60224-5_3
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gašević, D., Siemens, G., & Sadiq, S.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- University of South Australia (AU)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Gašević, Dragan
- Siemens, George
- Sadiq, Shazia
- Venue
- Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 100130
- ISSN
- 2666-920X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4319072032
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UniSA Research Outputs Repository (University of South Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Australian Research Council (DP210100060, DP220101209)
- Jacobs Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Keywords
- artificial intelligence in education, student empowerment, ChatGPT, DALL-E, explainable AI, design for learning, learning theory, data ownership, AI literacy, education policy, learning and teaching practices
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