Perceptions and usage of AI chatbots among students in higher education across genders, academic levels and fields of study
Open accessAbstract
AI chatbots have ignited discussions and controversies about their impact on teaching and learning practices in higher education. This study explores students' adoption and perceptions of ChatGPT and other AI chatbots in higher education. Based on survey data from a large sample (n = 5894) across Swedish universities, the study employs descriptive statistical methods to analyze usage, attitudes, and concerns, and inferential statistics to identify relations between attitudes and usage and background variables (gender, academic level, and field of study). The results reveal broad awareness and use of ChatGPT among students, but not of other AI chatbots. More than half of the students expressed positive attitudes towards the use of chatbots in education, but almost as many expressed concerns about future use. Statistically significant differences were found across all examined grouping variables, particularly between genders and fields of study. Female students and students from the humanities and medicine consistently expressed more negative attitudes and concerns about AI's role in learning and assessment, while males and technology and engineering students showed higher usage and optimism. These findings not only validate the continued relevance of student backgrounds as a determinant of technology adoption but also expose several challenges and considerations surrounding AI and chatbot usage in education. The study supports the development of local solutions to AI in education tailored to student attributes and needs, and it provides insights for developers, educators, and policymakers.
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Over one-third of students surveyed utilize ChatGPT for educational purposes.
“Despite this, over one-third of students surveyed utilize ChatGPT for educational purposes, and the use of other chatbot technologies was minimal (Stohr et al., 2024).”
From Effects of Generative AI on Engagement and Performance Within Asynchronous Online Courses (2026) · cites this paper as Stohr et al., 2024
The Descriptive analysis (p. 5) reports that 35.4% of surveyed students regularly used ChatGPT and that other chatbots were rarely or never used by most participants. But the survey question measured general frequency of use, not whether those students used ChatGPT for educational purposes (Instrument and data collection, p. 4). (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMale students in technology and engineering degree programs had more positive views of AI chatbots than their female counterparts in medical or humanities degree programs.
“Stohr et al. (2024) found that male students in technology and engineering degree programs had more positive views of AI chatbots than their female counterparts in medical or humanities degree programs.”
From Effects of Generative AI on Engagement and Performance Within Asynchronous Online Courses (2026) · cites this paper as Stohr et al., 2024
The Inferential Analysis (p. 5) reports that male students had more positive attitudes toward chatbots than female students, while the Discussion (p. 9) reports greater optimism among engineering students than among humanities or medicine and health-care students. These are separate gender and field-of-study findings; the cited passages do not establish the specific comparison between male engineering students and female medical or humanities students. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMale students tend to report greater familiarity with AI tools and more optimism about their benefits for learning, whereas female students are generally more cautious and sceptical about their impact on assessment and academic integrity.
“Male students tend to report greater familiarity with AI tools and more optimism about their benefits for learning, whereas female students are generally more cautious and sceptical about their impact on assessment and academic integrity (Jospeh et al. 2024;Stöhr, Ou, and Malmström 2024).”
From Widely used but barely trusted: understanding student perceptions on the use of generative AI in higher education (2025) · cites this paper as Stöhr, Ou, and Malmström 2024
Large-scale surveys in Nigeria and Sweden point to positive attitudes towards GAI as usage increases.
“Large-scale surveys such as Jospeh et al. (2024) in Nigeria (n = 5, 554) and Stöhr, Ou, and Malmström (2024) in Sweden (n = 5, 894) point to positive attitudes towards GAI as usage increases.”
From Widely used but barely trusted: understanding student perceptions on the use of generative AI in higher education (2025) · cites this paper as Stöhr, Ou, and Malmström (2024)
A substantial proportion of students consider GAI use in exams to constitute cheating.
“While many students value GAI as a complement to their learning, a substantial proportion consider its use in exams to constitute cheating (Stöhr, Ou, and Malmström 2024).”
From Widely used but barely trusted: understanding student perceptions on the use of generative AI in higher education (2025) · cites this paper as Stöhr, Ou, and Malmström 2024
Disciplinary background moderates differences in GAI attitudes, with engineering and technology students embracing GAI more enthusiastically, while humanities and medicine students display more scepticism.
“Disciplinary background appears to moderate these differences, as students in engineering and technology tend to embrace GAI tools more enthusiastically, while students in humanities and medicine have displayed more scepticism (Freeman 2025;Mercader and Gairín 2020;Stöhr, Ou, and Malmström 2024).”
From Widely used but barely trusted: understanding student perceptions on the use of generative AI in higher education (2025) · cites this paper as Stöhr, Ou, and Malmström 2024
The use of other chatbot technologies was minimal among surveyed students.
“Despite this, over one-third of students surveyed utilize ChatGPT for educational purposes, and the use of other chatbot technologies was minimal (Stohr et al., 2024).”
From Effects of Generative AI on Engagement and Performance Within Asynchronous Online Courses (2026) · cites this paper as Stohr et al., 2024
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Generative AI in Higher Education: Evidence from an Elite College
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Generative AI as a Cognitive Co-Pilot in English Language Learning in Higher Education
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Falling Behind and Getting Ahead: Student Use of Generative AI in Education
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Perceptions of AI in Higher Education: Insights from Students at a Top-Tier Chinese University
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Chatbot for Student Descipline Handbook-Related Queries: A RAG-Based LLM Using Llama-3 Approach
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Navigating generative AI in higher education – six near future scenarios
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Qualitative evaluation of a ChatGPT-integrated transcultural nursing course for a diverse group
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AI chatbots in L2 writing: anxiety, usefulness, and writing outcome
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Just-in-Time News: An AI Chatbot for the Modern Information Age
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AI assisted learning and research: an exploratory study among university students and scholars
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TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETMENLERİNİN YAPAY ZEKÂ KAYGILARININ İNCELENMESİ
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Responsible AI usage for academic integrity in China
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Use of AI in a World Language Classroom
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AI-assisted Learning in HCI Education
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Integration of AI-based applications in education: how students feel about the ChatGPT era?
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- Authors
- Stöhr, C., Ou, A. W., & Malmström, H.
- Affiliations
- Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Stöhr, Christian
- Venue
- Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-12
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 100259
- ISSN
- 2666-920X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4399948582
- Cited by
- 319
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 145 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 19
- FWCI
- 119.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Karlstads universitet
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI in Service Interactions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Keywords
- AI chatbots, ChatGPT, student perceptions, technology adoption, gender differences, academic level, field of study, student attitudes, assessment, higher education, humanities students, medical students
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