Cited by 88Online Learning and AnalyticsArtificial Intelligence in EducationEducational Technology and Pedagogy

Artificial intelligence in multimodal learning analytics: a systematic literature review

Open access
Mohammadi, Mehrnoush, Tajik, Elham, Martinez-Maldonado, Roberto, Sadiq, Shazia, Tomaszewski, Wojtek, Khosravi, Hassan·2025·Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence

Abstract

The proliferation of educational technologies has generated unprecedented volumes of diverse, multimodal learner data, offering rich insights into learning processes and outcomes. However, leveraging this complex, multimodal data requires advanced analytical methods. While Multimodal Learning Analytics (MMLA) offers promise for exploring this data, the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance MMLA remains largely unexplored. This paper bridges these two evolving domains by conducting the first systematic literature review at the intersection of AI and MMLA, analyzing 43 peer-reviewed papers from 11 reputable databases published between 2019 and 2024. The findings indicate a growing trend in AI-enhanced MMLA studies published predominantly in high-quality venues, led by education researchers with a predominant focus on tertiary education targeting diverse stakeholders. Guided by a novel conceptual framework, our analysis highlights the transformative role of AI across the MMLA process, particularly in model learning and feature engineering. However, it also uncovers significant gaps, including limited AI implementation in components requiring deep integration with learning theories, insufficient application of advanced AI techniques, and lack of large-scale studies in authentic learning environments. The review identifies key benefits, such as enhanced personalization and real-time feedback, while also addressing challenges related to ethical considerations, data integration, and scalability. Our study contributes by offering comprehensive recommendations for future research, emphasizing international collaboration, multi-level studies, and ethical AI implementation. These findings advance the theoretical understanding of AI's role in education, providing a foundation for developing sophisticated, interpretable, and scalable AI-enhanced MMLA approaches, potentially revolutionizing personalized learning across diverse educational settings.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100426

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136 of 136 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Authors
Mohammadi, M., Tajik, E., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Sadiq, S., Tomaszewski, W., & Khosravi, H.
Affiliations
  • The University of Queensland (AU)
  • Florida State University (US)
Corresponding author
Mohammadi, Mehrnoush
Venue
Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2025-06
Volume
8
Pages
100426
ISSN
2666-920X (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4410596019
Cited by
85
References
136
Citations by year
2026: 63 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 1
FWCI
11.46
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Government of Western Australia
  • Australian Research Council
  • Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (IC200100022)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Online Learning and Analytics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Educational Technology and Pedagogy
Keywords
multimodal learning analytics, artificial intelligence in education, feature engineering, model learning, personalized learning, real-time feedback, ethical AI, data integration, scalability, higher education

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