Artificial intelligence in multimodal learning analytics: a systematic literature review
Open accessAbstract
The proliferation of educational technologies has generated unprecedented volumes of diverse, multimodal learner data, offering rich insights into learning processes and outcomes. However, leveraging this complex, multimodal data requires advanced analytical methods. While Multimodal Learning Analytics (MMLA) offers promise for exploring this data, the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance MMLA remains largely unexplored. This paper bridges these two evolving domains by conducting the first systematic literature review at the intersection of AI and MMLA, analyzing 43 peer-reviewed papers from 11 reputable databases published between 2019 and 2024. The findings indicate a growing trend in AI-enhanced MMLA studies published predominantly in high-quality venues, led by education researchers with a predominant focus on tertiary education targeting diverse stakeholders. Guided by a novel conceptual framework, our analysis highlights the transformative role of AI across the MMLA process, particularly in model learning and feature engineering. However, it also uncovers significant gaps, including limited AI implementation in components requiring deep integration with learning theories, insufficient application of advanced AI techniques, and lack of large-scale studies in authentic learning environments. The review identifies key benefits, such as enhanced personalization and real-time feedback, while also addressing challenges related to ethical considerations, data integration, and scalability. Our study contributes by offering comprehensive recommendations for future research, emphasizing international collaboration, multi-level studies, and ethical AI implementation. These findings advance the theoretical understanding of AI's role in education, providing a foundation for developing sophisticated, interpretable, and scalable AI-enhanced MMLA approaches, potentially revolutionizing personalized learning across diverse educational settings.
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Multimodal learning analytics can strengthen inference by triangulating gaze with recorded action and performance evidence.
“Multimodal learning analytics can strengthen this inference by triangulating gaze with recorded action and performance evidence (Järvelä et al., 2021; Mohammadi et al., 2025).”
From Responsible use of generative AI in Chinese vocational education: eye-tracking evidence on source verification and immediate near-transfer across three information-seeking conditions (2026) · cites this paper as Mohammadi et al., 2025
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Tracing Behavioral Similarity of Student-Formed Groups During AI-Assisted Problem-Based Learning
Patil, D. R., Majumdar, R., & Liang, C. (2026) · Technology Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-026-10056-x
Sari, D. N., Firmansyah, F., Embong, R., Nurmairina, N., Siregar, N., Hasanah, H., & Nasution, C. F. (2026) · Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Terapan Universitas Jambi|JIITUJ| · doi:10.22437/jiituj.v10i5.57956
- Authors
- Mohammadi, M., Tajik, E., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Sadiq, S., Tomaszewski, W., & Khosravi, H.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Florida State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mohammadi, Mehrnoush
- Venue
- Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-06
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 100426
- ISSN
- 2666-920X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4410596019
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 11.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Computers and Education Artificial Intelligence (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Government of Western Australia
- Australian Research Council
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (IC200100022)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Online Learning and Analytics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Artificial Intelligence in Education
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Educational Technology and Pedagogy
- Keywords
- multimodal learning analytics, artificial intelligence in education, feature engineering, model learning, personalized learning, real-time feedback, ethical AI, data integration, scalability, higher education
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