The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 128 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The Influence of the Gut Microbiome on Cancer, Immunity, and Cancer Immunotherapy
Open accessAbstract
The microbiome is receiving significant attention given its influence on a host of human diseases including cancer. Its role in response to cancer treatment is becoming increasingly apparent, with evidence suggesting that modulating the gut microbiome may impact responses to numerous forms of cancer therapy. A working knowledge of the microbiome is vital as we move forward in this age of precision medicine, and an understanding of the microbiome’s influence on immune responses and cancer is key. It is also important to understand factors influencing the gut microbiome and strategies to manipulate the microbiome to augment therapeutic responses.
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In the paper
“B and T cells, including Tregs and Th17 cells can, upon being primed by DCs presenting antigen derived from commensal organisms in draining mLNs of the gut, circulate systemically to facilitate immune responses at distant sites”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The microbiome and immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stary et al., 2015 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“health-promoting bacteria such as Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus were reduced”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and stem cell transplantation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Biagi et al., 2015 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“there is compelling evidence that the microbiota helps to shape the immune system as a whole”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The microbiome and immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Honda and Littman, 2016
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is mounting evidence supporting the role of the microbiome in response to cancer therapy”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“several recent studies demonstrating the influence of the gut microbiome specifically on the response to immune checkpoint blockade across cancer types”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there is now mounting data from human cohorts suggesting that the gut microbiota is a dominant force in mediating both response and toxicity to these therapeutic strategies”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“low levels of 3-indoxyl sulphate in the urine, a by-product of L-tryptophan metabolism by commensal microbiota and a marker for bacterial dysbiosis, was found to be associated with worse overall survival following allo- HSCT”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and stem cell transplantation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Weber et al., 2015 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“some bacterial species have been shown to drive Treg development via alternative pathways dependent on polysaccharide A and TLR signaling to dendritic cells”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The microbiome and immunity
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“markers of response to cancer therapy have continued to evolve and now include factors well beyond established tumor-centric markers”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > Cancer immunosurveillance and response to cancer therapy
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Th17 cells that emigrate can have significant plasticity in function, changing their cytokine output based on the existing local inflammatory or non-inflammatory state”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The microbiome and immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hirota et al., 2011 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
In the paper
“cytokine secretion from Th17 cells stimulates IECs to form tight junctions and to secrete anti-microbial proteins”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The microbiome and immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Weaver et al., 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“patients having a lower diversity of microbiota in their gut at the time of HSCT having shortened overall survival and higher mortality rates (specifically transplant-related mortality) compared to those with a high diversity of gut microbiota”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and stem cell transplantation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Taur et al., 2014 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“germ-free (GF) mice that lack intestinal microbiota are noted to have severe defects in immunity, with an absent mucous layer, altered IgA secretion and reduced size and functionality of Peyer’s patches and draining mesenteric lymph nodes”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The microbiome and immunity
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Dysbiosis can lead to impaired local, locoregional, and systemic immune responses with breakdown of mucosal barriers, translocation of gut bacteria to the mLNs and into the peripheral circulation”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The microbiome and immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Levy et al., 2017 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Th17 cells are markedly depleted in GF animals and can be induced by specific bacterial subsets such as segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB)”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The microbiome and immunity
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“SCFAs here function in a manner dependent on their ability to inhibit histone deacetylase activity suggesting epigenetic regulation”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The microbiome and immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rooks and Garrett, 2016
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“IgA acts primarily by blocking bacterial adherence to epithelial cells; agglutination, entrapment and clearance; and also has direct effects on bacterial virulence”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The microbiome and immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mantis et al., 2011 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Toll-like receptor signaling from microbial peptides to DCs and other innate immune effectors generates cytokines and interferons that act in both a paracrine and endocrine manner at distant sites”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The microbiome and immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Abt et al., 2012 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“a disruption of the existing state of equilibrium of the gut microbiota post-HSCT with a relative dysbiosis and a loss of bacterial diversity and stability and dominance of Enterococcus, Streptococcus and various Proteobacteria”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and stem cell transplantation
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Dysbiosis and impaired systemic immunity is fairly common in these patients, as they are often treated with concurrent therapies that significantly alter immunity and composition of the gut microbiota”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and stem cell transplantation
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PAMPs act to induce maturation of antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) as they sample antigen from the lumen”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The microbiome and immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lathrop et al., 2011 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“there are trillions of microbes as numerous as human cells, that interact with the host constantly at numerous sites”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The microbiome and immunity
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“dysbiosis, which is characterized by a less diverse and less stable microbiota, with potential enrichment of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The microbiome and immunity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Frosali et al., 2015
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG alone or in combination with Ciprofloxacin before and during transplantation in mice was associated with reduced rates of GVHD and improved overall survival”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and stem cell transplantation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gerbitz et al., 2004 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“treatment-limiting toxicity with anti-PD-1 (16%), anti-CTLA-4 (27%), and combination therapies (65%)”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and immunotherapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Larkin et al., 2015 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This suggests that disrupting the gut microbiota (via antibiotic use) could potentially impair anti-tumor immune responses as well as response to immune checkpoint blockade”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and immunotherapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Routy et al., 2018 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 therapy was markedly reduced in GF mice and SPF mice with broad-spectrum antibiotics.”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and immunotherapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vetizou et al., 2015 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The onset of acute-GVHD is associated with significant shifts in the composition of the microbiota with a loss of overall diversity and reduction of health-promoting obligate anaerobes such as Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Lactobacillus, and Blautia, and an enrichment of Enterococcus and Clostridiales”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and stem cell transplantation
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These effects were mediated by increased densities of CD8+ T-cells and reduced FoxP3+CD4+ Tregs in the tumor microenvironment”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and immunotherapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Matson et al., 2018 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Important initial insights came from murine models (Sivan et al., 2015, Vetizou et al., 2015), and many of these findings have now been validated in several patient cohorts treated with immunotherapy, specifically immune checkpoint blockade.”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and immunotherapy
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“administration of A. muciniphilia in these mice was associated with increased intra-tumoral immune infiltrates mediated by the recruitment of CCR9+CXCR3+CD4+ T cells into the tumor bed and increased ratio of CD4+ T-cells to CD4+FoxP3+ T-cells (Tregs) in response to PD1 blockade”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and immunotherapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Routy et al., 2018 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Immune responses to cyclophosphamide have also been shown to be dependent on MyD88 and TLR signaling - suggesting that commensal microorganisms may play a role.”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and immunotherapy
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“mice receiving FMT from R had significantly delayed tumor outgrowth and enhanced response to treatment with immune checkpoint blockade”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and immunotherapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gopalakrishnan et al., 2018 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“NR had significantly lower diversity of gut bacteria and higher abundance of Bacteroidales”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and immunotherapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gopalakrishnan et al., 2018 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“mice that received responder-stool growing tumors at slower rate and having markedly improved efficacy to anti-PD- L1 immunotherapy when compared to mice that received non-responder stool”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and immunotherapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Matson et al., 2018 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the effects of cyclophosphamide and other chemotherapy regimens were abrogated in GF or antibiotic- treated mice and were differentially impacted by the presence of particular bacterial species”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and immunotherapy
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“patients who responded to anti-PD-1 therapy had a significantly higher diversity of bacteria in their gut microbiota as well as a higher relative abundance of Clostridiales, Ruminococcaceae, and Faecalibacterium”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and immunotherapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gopalakrishnan et al., 2018 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these data provide strong evidence that the gut microbiota can modulate anti-tumor immune responses and responses to immune checkpoint blockade.”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and immunotherapy
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the importance of these bacteria in implications for cancer therapy, it’s possible that diet could serve as a possible strategy to improve outcomes through modulation of the microbiome.”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > Manipulating the gut microbiota to improve responses to therapy > Diet
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“dietary intake can also promote differential composition of the microbiome, with evidence that profound and intensive changes in dietary regimens can significantly alter the gut microbiota in a relatively short amount of time (David et al., 2014).”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > Manipulating the gut microbiota to improve responses to therapy > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites David et al., 2014 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“dietary and lifestyle factors may also account for some of the differences in bacterial taxa observed across the studies.”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and immunotherapy
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“FMT has already been employed in other patient populations, showing significant success in curing C. difficile infection resistant to conventional therapies (Borody et al., 2004).”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > Manipulating the gut microbiota to improve responses to therapy > Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Borody et al., 2004 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Dietary fiber is one component that has been shown to have a profound influence on the composition of the gut microbiome, with a decrease in the abundance of immune-promoting F. prausnitzii (Benus et al., 2010) and the SCFA butyrate in stool samples after reducing dietary fiber in healthy human subjects.”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > Manipulating the gut microbiota to improve responses to therapy > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Benus et al., 2010 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Geographical influences also may exist, as these studies were performed in centers at different locations around the world.”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and immunotherapy
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The current body of literature in this area has mapped the responsiveness of specific 15 bacterial groups and their downstream metabolites to a variety of nutrients and immune parameters and provides preliminary insight into how dietary modulation could be used as a strategy to enrich the gut microbiome and immune health (Ma et al., 2018, Shortt et al., 2018)”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > Manipulating the gut microbiota to improve responses to therapy > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ma et al., 2018
- Not checked yetcites Shortt et al., 2018 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“at lower levels of taxonomy within these phyla these generalizations do not apply, as some taxa within Firmicutes have been associated with a lack of response (Roseburia, Streptococcus)”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and immunotherapy
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Bacteroidetes have also been associated with response (such as Akkermansia muciniphila, Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and Colinsela aerofaciens) and non-response (such as Actinomyces viscosus, Garnderella vaginalis) (Frankel et al., 2017, Gopalakrishnan et al., 2018, Matson et al., 2018, Routy et al., 2018).”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and immunotherapy
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A major function of the gut microbiota is to aid in host food digestion, harvesting key nutrients that the host is incapable of metabolizing without the help of microbes (Backhed et al., 2005).”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > Manipulating the gut microbiota to improve responses to therapy > Diet
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Backhed et al., 2005 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“bacterial taxa within the Bacteroidales order of the Bacteroidetes phylum have been associated with a lack of response to immune checkpoint blockade (Bacteroidales), while a higher abundance of these taxa within the gut are also generally associated with a lower incidence of toxicity”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and immunotherapy
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“patients with colitis had increased expression of ICOS on the surface of effector CD4+ T-cells and low levels of Tregs and systemic inflammatory proteins such as IL-6, IL-8 and sCD25 in the blood at baseline, which may be related to the compositional differences in the microbiome”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > The gut microbiota in response and toxicity to immunotherapy > The gut microbiota and immunotherapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chaput et al., 2017 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several trials using probiotics in cancer patients have been initiated with some completed, and most studies have focused on safety and biomarker-related endpoints, with a minority including cancer- related outcomes (such as disease-free survival) as a primary endpoint (NCT02079662).”
§ The influence of the gut microbiome on cancer, immunity, and cancer immunotherapy > Manipulating the gut microbiota to improve responses to therapy > Administration of bacterial consortia or “designer probiotics”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites NCT02079662
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Effective conventional chemotherapy requires intact immune responses.
“effective treatment with conventional chemotherapy is also dependent on intact immune responses”
The paper relies on this without support.
GVHD susceptibility varies with the conditioning regimen, HLA mismatch and donor cell activation status.
“GVHD susceptibility varies with the type and extent of conditioning regimen, the degree of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatch, and the activation status of donor cells.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A significant fraction of patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors do not have objective or durable responses.
“a significant proportion of patients do not experience objective responses, and when responses do occur, may not be durable”
The paper relies on this without support.
Allogeneic stem cell transplant is one of the earliest effective forms of cancer immunotherapy.
“Though stem cell transplant may be considered one of the earliest effective forms of cancer immunotherapy”
The paper relies on this without support.
Dietary interventions for modulating the gut microbiota tend to have modest effects, and patient compliance is difficult to enforce and monitor.
“While dietary interventions may seem relatively simple to design and implement, the effects on the microbiota can be modest, and patient compliance is difficult to enforce and monitor.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For example, beneficial gut microbes have been shown to improve the antitumor effects of certain therapies such as ICIs by modulating the immune response.333–335”
From Drug repurposing for cancer therapy (2024) · cites this paper as [333]
In the citing paper
“In addition to regulation of infection and commensal spread, microbiome-immune interactions are implicated in a variety of ‘non-communicable’ gastrointestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)8 and celiac diseases,9 as well as extra-intestinal disorders ranging from rheumatic arthritis,10 metabolic syndrome,11 neurodegenerative disorder12 to malignancy.13”
From Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, the very same anti-cancer treatment might shape the patient’s microbiome and, at the same time, host’s specific microbiome can deeply affect patient’s response to therapy [19].”
From Gut Microbiota and Cancer: From Pathogenesis to Therapy (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“These two effects combined together may explain the strong involvement of the patient’s microbiome composition in affecting the efficacy of both chemotherapy and immunotherapy [19].”
From Gut Microbiota and Cancer: From Pathogenesis to Therapy (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Overall, the role of the gut microbiota in shaping the complete immune system has become indisputable [10].”
From Probiotics Regulate Gut Microbiota: An Effective Method to Improve Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Gut barrier dysfunction is also strongly correlated with other autoimmune, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, heart failure, hypertension, and food allergies, as well as with cancer.10,11”
From Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function by Microbial Metabolites (2021) · cites this paper as [10]
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
A mouse study is described as evidence from patients
MinorThe cited 1974 study is titled as an experiment in allogeneic mouse radiation chimeras, but the discussion describes it as an early study of patients treated before HSCT.
“early studies demonstrating reduced rates of GVHD in patients treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics prior to HSCT (van Bekkum et al., 1974)”
“64. VAN BEKKUM DW, ROODENBURG J, HEIDT PJ & VAN DER WAAIJ D 1974 Mitigation of secondary disease of allogeneic mouse radiation chimeras by modification of the intestinal microflora.”
Citations
Cites
Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome
David, L. A., Maurice, C. F., Carmody, R. N., Gootenberg, D. B., Button, J. E., Wolfe, B. E., Ling, A. V., Devlin, A. S., Varma, Y., Fischbach, M. A., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12820 · Cited by 10,100
Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab or Monotherapy in Untreated Melanoma
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Oncology meets immunology: the cancer-immunity cycle.
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“Recent evidence substantiates the need for preserved overall systemic immunity in mediating responses to immunotherapy specifically (Chen and Mellman, 2013, 2017; Spitzer et al., 2017).”
BackgroundTurnbaugh, P. J., Ley, R. E., Hamady, M., Fraser-Liggett, C. M., Knight, R., & Gordon, J. I. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06244 · Cited by 6,091
Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors
Routy, B., Le Chatelier, E., Derosa, L., Duong, C. P. M., Alou, M. T., Daillère, R., Fluckiger, A., Messaoudene, M., Rauber, C., Roberti, M. P., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan3706 · Cited by 5,671
Primary, Adaptive, and Acquired Resistance to Cancer Immunotherapy
Sharma, P., Hu-Lieskovan, S., Wargo, J. A., & Ribas, A. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.017 · Cited by 5,588
Self-citationRevised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body
Sender, R., Fuchs, S., & Milo, R. (2016) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533 · Cited by 5,425 · cited 1×
“Therefore, it is not surprising that they play such a large role in numerous host functions including immunity (Sender et al., 2016; Morgan and Huttenhower, 2012).”
BackgroundElements of cancer immunity and the cancer–immune set point
Chen, D. S., & Mellman, I. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature21349 · Cited by 5,352 · cited 1×
“Recent evidence substantiates the need for preserved overall systemic immunity in mediating responses to immunotherapy specifically (Chen and Mellman, 2013, 2017; Spitzer et al., 2017).”
BackgroundHost-Bacterial Mutualism in the Human Intestine
Bäckhed, F., Ley, R. E., Sonnenburg, J. L., Peterson, D. A., & Gordon, J. I. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1104816 · Cited by 5,277 · cited 2×
“…component that has been shown to have a profound influence on the composition of the gut microbiome, with a decrease in the abundance of immune-promoting F. prausnitzii (Benus et al., 2010) and the SCFA-butyrate in stool samples after a reduction in dietary fiber intake in healthy human subjects.”
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“Phylogenetic Tree Summarizing Previously Established Links between theGutMicrobiome, TreatmentOutcomes, and Toxicities in Cancer Patient Populations A phylogenetic tree was constructed using evolutionary distances with the phyloT software (Letunic and Bork, 2016) to depict phylogenetic similarity (or lack thereof) of…”
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Items 501–600 of 1,000
Gut Microbiota: A Promising Milestone in Enhancing the Efficacy of PD1/PD-L1 Blockade Therapy
Zhou, Y., Liu, Z., & Chen, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.847350 · Cited by 25
“org 3 physical epithelial barrier is covered with a thick layer of mucus, which is comprised of mucus proteins produced by goblet cells, mucins enriched with antimicrobial peptides as well as immunoglobulin A secreted by B cells (49).”
BackgroundInfluentialFirst encounters of the microbial kind: perinatal factors direct infant gut microbiome establishment
Linehan, K., Dempsey, E. M., Ryan, C. A., Ross, R. P., & Stanton, C. (2022) · Microbiome Research Reports · doi:10.20517/mrr.2021.09 · Cited by 26
Yang, S., Zhao, S., Ye, Y., Jia, L., & Lou, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.952546 · Cited by 27
“Two reviews (12, 36) further summarized the impact of the GM on CI.”
BackgroundDacrema, M., Ali, A., Ullah, H., Khan, A., Minno, A. D., Xiao, J., Martins, A. M. C., & Daglia, M. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14225682 · Cited by 27
Perry, L. M., Cruz, S. M., Kleber, K. T., Judge, S. J., Darrow, M. A., Jones, L. B., Basmaci, U. N., Joshi, N., Settles, M. L., Durbin-Johnson, B. P., et al. (2023) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2021-004285 · Cited by 27
Chen, Z., Liu, Y., Yu, Y., Yang, S., Feng, J. Q., Zhu, Y., Huang, W., Qin, B. Y., Guan, X., He, Z., et al. (2023) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202306488 · Cited by 25
Application of 16S rRNA gene sequencing in Helicobacter pylori detection
Szymczak, A., Ferenc, S., Majewska, J., Miernikiewicz, P., Gnus, J. J., Witkiewicz, W., & Dąbrowska, K. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.9099 · Cited by 25
“This effect includes for instance links between microbiome composition and cancer prevalence and development (Bhatt, Redinbo & Bultman, 2017; Goodman & Gardner, 2018; Gopalakrishnan et al., 2018), while”
BackgroundȘurlin, P., Nicolae, F. M., Şurlin, V., Pătrașcu, Ș., Ungureanu, B. S., Didilescu, A. C., & Gheonea, D. I. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9123885 · Cited by 25
The enteric nervous system of the human and mouse colon at a single-cell resolutionPreprint
Drokhlyansky, E., Smillie, C. S., Wittenberghe, N. V., Ericsson, M., Griffin, G. K., Dionne, D. A., Cuoco, M. S., Goder-Reiser, M. N., Sharova, T. Y., Aguirre, A. J., et al. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/746743 · Cited by 25
Cancer and the Microbiome of the Human Body
Herrera‐Quintana, L., Vázquez‐Lorente, H., López-Garzón, M., Cortés‐Martín, A., & Plaza‐Díaz, J. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16162790 · Cited by 25
Ambrosio, M. R., Vernillo, R., Carolis, S. D., Carducci, A., Mundo, L., Ginori, A., Rocca, B. J., Nardone, V., Fei, A. L., Carfagno, T., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2019.00093 · Cited by 24
Immune Modulation in Lung Cancer: Current Concepts and Future Strategies
Gaissmaier, L., & Christopoulos, P. (2020) · Respiration · doi:10.1159/000510385 · Cited by 24
Gut Dysbiosis in Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
Low, L., Suleiman, K., Shamdas, M., Bassilious, K., Poonit, N., Rossiter, A. E., Acharjee, A., Loman, N. J., Murray, P. I., Wallace, G. R., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.780354 · Cited by 26
Wang, Z., Xiao, R., Huang, J. M., Qin, X., Hu, D., Guo, E., Liu, C., Lu, F., You, L., Sun, C., et al. (2021) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-021-01800-0 · Cited by 24
Todd, V. M., Vecchi, L. A., Clements, M. E., Snow, K. P., Ontko, C. D., Himmel, L. E., Pinelli, C. J., Rafat, M., & Johnson, R. W. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02648-3 · Cited by 25
Culturomics, a potential approach paving the way toward bacteriotherapy
Matar, G. M., & Bilen, M. (2022) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2022.102194 · Cited by 24
The Association Between Gut Microbiota, Toll-Like Receptors, and Colorectal Cancer
Fang, Y., Yan, C., Zhao, Q., Zhao, B., Liao, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, D., & Tang, D. (2022) · Clinical Medicine Insights Oncology · doi:10.1177/11795549221130549 · Cited by 24
Boytar, A. N., Nitert, M. D., Morrison, M., Skinner, T. L., & Jenkins, D. G. (2022) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp283702 · Cited by 28
“A brief summary of the mechanisms and actions linking CRC formation and proliferation to the gut are shown in Table 1; more detailed information, particularly relating to how the microbiome influences immunoglobulin A production, T cell, TH17, and dendritic cell regulation and immune ‘tone’, as well as influencing cyt…”
BackgroundHatcher, C., Richenberg, G., Waterson, S., Nguyen, L. H., Joshi, A. D., Carreras‐Torres, R., Moreno, V. R., Chan, A. T., Gunter, M. J., Lin, Y., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-31840-0 · Cited by 26
Elechi, J. O. G., Sirianni, R., Conforti, F. L., Cione, E., & PELLEGRINO, M. A. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12122286 · Cited by 25
“These microbiotas have broader impacts and affect localized immune responses, supporting innate and adaptive immunity at many levels [225].”
BackgroundHow Can the Microbiome Induce Carcinogenesis and Modulate Drug Resistance in Cancer Therapy?
Mendes, I., & Vale, N. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241411855 · Cited by 24
“In addition to causal associations to colon cancer and melanoma, the intestinal microbiome’s evident capacity to stimulate the expression of immunomodulatory chemokines as well as cytokines that are released in the systemic circulation is also clearly able to influence cancer pathogenesis and treatment reaction in dif…”
BackgroundXu, S., Zhu, Q., Wu, L., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Zhu, L., Zheng, S., Hang, J., & Hang, J. (2023) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110642 · Cited by 22
Ren, P., Yu, X., Yue, H., Tang, Q., Wang, Y., & Xue, C. (2023) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d3fo02986g · Cited by 23
Ihara, Y., Sawa, K., Imai, T., Bito, T., Shimomura, Y., Kawai, R., & Shintani, A. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.25363 · Cited by 24
Gut dysbiosis in cancer immunotherapy: microbiota-mediated resistance and emerging treatments
Eiman, L., Moazzam, K., Anjum, S., Kausar, H., Sharif, E. A. M., & Ibrahim, W. N. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1575452 · Cited by 28
Li, Y., Ma, A., Johnson, W. E., Eng, C., De, S., Jiang, S., Li, Z., Spakowicz, D. J., & Ma, Q. (2025) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-025-02807-y · Cited by 25
“While much previous research has centered on gut microbes due to their abundance and accessibility 4,5 , tumor microbes have gained increasing attention for their tumor-specific roles and local interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME) 2,6–9 .”
Dahl, O., & Brydøy, M. (2019) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.1080/0284186x.2018.1555375 · Cited by 24
Kingkaw, A., Nakphaichit, M., Suratannon, N., Nitisinprasert, S., Wongoutong, C., Chatchatee, P., Krobthong, S., Charoenlappanit, S., Roytrakul, S., & Vongsangnak, W. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.9988 · Cited by 23
Tiny Drosophila makes giant strides in cancer research
Yamamura, R., Ooshio, T., & Sonoshita, M. (2020) · Cancer Science · doi:10.1111/cas.14747 · Cited by 26
Zhao, F., Li, Z., Dong, Z., Wang, Z., Guo, P., Zhang, D., & Li, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.918154 · Cited by 24
“Meanwhile, a growing body of evidence suggests that alterations to the microbiome are associated with gastrointestinal cancer development, progression, and drug response (32, 33).”
BackgroundLiu, F., Su, D., Zhang, H., Lin, H., Zhou, Q., Cao, B., & Ren, D. (2022) · Oncology Reports · doi:10.3892/or.2022.8407 · Cited by 24
Frąk, M., Grenda, A., Krawczyk, P. A., Milanowski, J., & Kalinka‐Warzocha, E. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14225577 · Cited by 25
Pharmacomicrobiomics in Anticancer Therapies: Why the Gut Microbiota Should Be Pointed Out
Conti, G., D’Amico, F., Fabbrini, M., Brigidi, P., Barone, M., & Turroni, S. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes14010055 · Cited by 25
“To date, several clinical trials have been designed with the aim of investigating the therapeutic potential of manipulating the gut microbiota directly in cancer patients [10,11,13].”
BackgroundLiu, J., Qiao, B., Deng, N., Wu, Y., Li, D., & Tan, Z. (2023) · 3 Biotech · doi:10.1007/s13205-023-03491-5 · Cited by 23
Microbiomic profiles of bile in patients with benign and malignant pancreaticobiliary disease
Poudel, S. K., Padmanabhan, R., Dave, H. M., Guinta, K. M., Stevens, T., Sanaka, M. R., Chahal, P., Sohal, D. P. S., Khorana, A. A., & Eng, C. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283021 · Cited by 23
Methodology for biomarker discovery with reproducibility in microbiome data using machine learning
Rojas-Velázquez, D., Kidwai, S., Kraneveld, A. D., Tonda, A. P., Oberski, D. L., Garssen, J., & Lopez‐Rincon, A. (2024) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-024-05639-3 · Cited by 26
“Microbiome studies have also been used to develop medical treatments and to analyze the responses from patients [18–21].”
MethodHuang, Y., Chen, Z., Shen, G., Fang, S., Zheng, J., Chi, Z., Zhang, Y., Zou, Y., Gan, Q., Liao, C., et al. (2024) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2024.2318815 · Cited by 23
An Integrated Multi-Disciplinary Perspective for Addressing Challenges of the Human Gut Microbiome
Shah, R., McKenzie, E. J., Rosin, M., Jadhav, S. R., Gondalia, S. V., Rosendale, D., & Beale, D. J. (2020) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo10030094 · Cited by 25
“The gut microbiome may also activate or inhibit natural, systemic anti‐tumour immunosurveillance [85,86] or induce the formation of local cancers [87–89], as well as influence the efficacy of some chemotherapy treatments [90,91].”
BackgroundWekking, D., Silva, C. A. C., Viscò, R., Denaro, N., Lambertini, M., Maccioni, A., Loddo, E., Willard-Gallo, K. E., Scartozzi, M., Derosa, L., et al. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.104767 · Cited by 26
Chen, L., Li, B., Zu, M., Reis, R. L., Kundu, S. C., & Xiao, B. (2025) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2025.06.012 · Cited by 23
Recent research progress and clinical status of immunotherapy for colorectal cancer
Huo, Z., Liu, G., & Li, J. (2025) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2025.06.089 · Cited by 27
Clinical Evidence for Microbiome-Based Strategies in Cancer Immunotherapy: A State-of-the-Art Review
Petrelli, F., Ghidini, A., Dottorini, L., Ghidini, M., Zaniboni, A., & Tomasello, G. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61091595 · Cited by 30
Zhang, X., Browman, G. J., Siu, W., Basen‐Engquist, K., Hanash, S., Hoffman, K. L., Okhuysen, P. C., Scheet, P. A., Petrosino, J. F., Kopetz, S., et al. (2019) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-019-6400-z · Cited by 24
Geum, M. J., Kim, C., Kang, J. E., Choi, J. H., Kim, J. S., Son, E. S., Lim, S. M., & Rhie, S. J. (2021) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph14050445 · Cited by 22
“Clinical studies of people with malignancies have shown that the use of broadspectrum antibiotics at the beginning of immunotherapy is deleterious to patient response and survival due to severely reduced bacterial diversity and decreased intestinal flora function [8,9].”
BackgroundMalczewski, A. B., Ketheesan, N., Coward, J. I. G., & Navarro, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.624434 · Cited by 22
“A lack of response has been associated with bacterial taxa within the Bacteroidales order of the Bacteroidetes phylum (44).”
BackgroundMetformin inhibits tumor growth and affects intestinal flora in diabetic tumor-bearing mice
Kang, J., Li, C., Gao, X., Liu, Z., Chen, C., & Luo, D. (2021) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174605 · Cited by 22
Park, H., Boo, S., Park, I., Shin, M. S., TAKAHASHI, T., Takanari, J., Homma, K., & Kang, I. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.875872 · Cited by 25
“Gut Microbiome Altered in MC38 TumorBearing Mice Treated With the Combination of AHCC® and DICB Therapy Previous studies showed the possible relationship of the gut microbiome with cancer immunotherapy in animal models and humans (15).”
BackgroundInfluentialMechanism underlying circRNA dysregulation in the TME of digestive system cancer
Wu, Z., Yu, X., Zhang, S., He, Y., & Guo, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.951561 · Cited by 22
The role of Th17 cells in endocrine organs: Involvement of the gut, adipose tissue, liver and bone
Zi, C., Wang, D., Gao, Y., & He, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1104943 · Cited by 23
“Gut microbiota may also trigger systemic immune responses through immune cell (36).”
BackgroundInfluentialZhang, S., Zong, Y., Chen, L., Li, Q., Li, Z., & Meng, R. (2023) · Discover Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12672-023-00729-9 · Cited by 23
“Immunogenic cell death (ICD) can enhance the antitumor immune response and effectively improve the effect of antitumor immunotherapy [50].”
BackgroundGu, Y., Zhang, Z., Camps, M. G. M., OSSENDORP, F. A., Wijdeven, R. H. M., & ten Dijke, P. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adf9915 · Cited by 23
Comprehensive evaluation of methods for differential expression analysis of metatranscriptomics data
Cho, H., Qu, Y., Li, C., Tang, B., Lyu, R., Lin, B. M., Roach, J. M., Azcárate-Peril, M. A., Ribeiro, A. A., Love, M. I., et al. (2023) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbad279 · Cited by 23
“The human microbiome has emerged as an undeniable cornerstone for a multitude of health and disease outcomes [1– 4].”
Gut microbiota and immunosenescence in cancer
Xu, Y., He, C., Xi, Y., Zhang, Y., & Bai, Y. (2024) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.07.004 · Cited by 23
Najmi, M., Tran, T., Witt, R. G., & Nelson, K. C. (2022) · Dermatology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13555-022-00810-1 · Cited by 21
“Preclinical studies in mouse models have shown that the use of antibiotics can reduce the effectiveness of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapies [9, 12, 21].”
BackgroundXin, Y., Peng, G., Song, W., Zhou, X., Huang, X., & Cao, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2024.1366131 · Cited by 25
Microbiome modulation of tumorigenesis and immune responses
Chen, Y., Fang, Y., Lyu, Z., Tian, Y., Niu, S., Li, Y.-R., & Yang, L. (2026) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-025-01208-9 · Cited by 28
“In contrast, the presence of beneficial commensals—including members of the Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae families—correlates with reduced GVHD severity and improved survival [266].”
Wang, J., Yang, H.-R., Wang, D.-J., & Wang, X.-X. (2020) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2020.12205 · Cited by 22
“B cells and T cells can enter the systemic circulation to promote the immune response to the same antigen at a distance (11,79).”
BackgroundWu, C., Chen, T., Xu, W., Zhang, T., Pei, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, F., Guo, H., Wang, Q., Wang, L., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92869-7 · Cited by 20
“(4) Functional analysis was performed using the HUMAnN software with the default parameters to generate results of KEGG levels.”
MethodConnecting the dots: Targeting the microbiome in drug toxicity
Luo, Y., & Zhou, T. (2021) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21805 · Cited by 20
The intestinal microbiota in colorectal cancer metastasis – Passive observer or key player?
Patel, M., McAllister, M. J., Nagaraju, R. T., Al-Badran, S. S. F., Edwards, J., McBain, A. J., Barriuso, J., & Aziz, O. (2022) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103856 · Cited by 21
The potential role of gut microbiota outer membrane vesicles in colorectal cancer
Meng, R., Zeng, M., Ji, Y., Huang, X., & Xu, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1270158 · Cited by 21
Cao, Y. C., Bi, L., Chen, Q., Liu, Y., Zhao, H., Jin, L., & Peng, R. (2024) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124103 · Cited by 23
The role of non-H. pylori bacteria in the development of gastric cancer.
Li, Q., & Yu, H. (2020) · PubMed Central · Cited by 21
In situ vaccination with nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy: understanding the immunology
Mao, C., Gorbet, M.-J., Singh, A., Ranjan, A., & Fiering, S. (2020) · International Journal of Hyperthermia · doi:10.1080/02656736.2020.1810333 · Cited by 22
“Immunotherapies of the future are likely to integrate systemic immune treatments like checkpoint blockade, local treatments like in situ vaccination, adoptive cell therapies, as well as new approaches to immune manipulation such as modifying the patient ’ s microbiome [136,137].”
Aggarwal, H., Gautam, J., Kumari, D., Gupta, S. K., Bajpai, S., Chaturvedi, K., Kumar, Y., & Dikshit, M. (2023) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119643 · Cited by 20
A comprehensive review on utilizing CRISPR/Cas system for microbiome modification
Abavisani, M., Faraji, N., Faraji, S., Ebadpour, N., Kesharwani, P., & Sahebkar, A. (2024) · Biochemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bej.2024.109443 · Cited by 22
Mondal, R. K., Ritu, R. B., Kitaoka, K., Azahar, N., Moniruzzaman, M., Ogata, S., Kiyoshige, E., Tohara, H., Kobayashi, Y., Kashihara, N., et al. (2024) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.119074 · Cited by 20
Rao, W., Lin, Z., Liu, S., Zhang, Z., Xie, Q., Chen, H., Lin, X., Chen, Y., Yang, H., Yu, K., et al. (2021) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-021-02137-x · Cited by 20
“The microbiome is receiving a great deal of attention in recent years given its influence on human diseases including malignancy [5].”
BackgroundBorchmann, S. (2021) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-021-01039-4 · Cited by 21
“It has also emerged that the gut microbiome can modulate cancer treatment efficacy, particularly of immunotherapy [55].”
BackgroundZhang, W., Zhang, L., Jiang, H., Li, Y., Wang, S., & Wang, Q. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.203670 · Cited by 20
“Efficacy of ICB treatment could be predicted by multiple biomarkers, such as expression of programmed death receptor 1 ligand (PD-L1) [3, 4], tumor mutation burden (TMB) [5], neoantigen burden (NB) [6], mRNA expression signatures [7], and gut microbiome [8].”
BackgroundGu, Z., Meng, S., Wang, Y., Lyu, B., Li, P., & Shang, N. (2022) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2039897 · Cited by 20
Loganathan, T., & Doss, C. G. P. (2022) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121118 · Cited by 20
Dichotomous colorectal cancer behaviour
Aljama, S., Lago, E. P., Zafra, O., Sierra, J., Simón, D., Santos, C., Rodríguez-Pascual, J., & Garcia‐Romero, N. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104067 · Cited by 21
Molecular Aggregation in Immune System Activation Studied by Dynamic Light Scattering
Николаевна, В. Е., Makarov, S. B., Константиновна, Н. Э., & Ge, D. (2020) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology9060123 · Cited by 22
“This system is one of the most important for homeostasis and anti-infective and anti-cancer protection of an organism [1,2].”
BackgroundChoi, S.-W., Kim, J. H., Hong, J., & Kwon, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1568590 · Cited by 22
Integrating tumor genomics into studies of the microbiome in colorectal cancer
Burns, M. B., & Blekhman, R. (2018) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2018.1549421 · Cited by 19
“In addition, the effects of immune elements, tumor heterogeneity, epigenetic factors, and the developmental history of the tissue may also be important for interaction with the microbiome.(47) It is also likely that the viral community present in the gut plays an important role, interacting with both host and microbia…”
BackgroundIntervention strategies for microbial therapeutics in cancer immunotherapy
Gopalakrishnan, V., Weiner, B. J., Ford, C. B., Sellman, B. R., Hammond, S. A., Freeman, D. J., Dennis, P. A., Soria, J., Wortman, J. R., & Henn, M. R. (2020) · Immuno-Oncology Technology · doi:10.1016/j.iotech.2020.05.001 · Cited by 20
“However, since results are inconsistent between studies, the impact of biological versus methodological differences is unclear.(19,20) Nevertheless, the promise of these initial findings warrants additional studies to better understand the relevance of the gut microbiome, its impact on cancer immunotherapies and its p…”
MethodResultSelf-citationPancreatic Cancer Meets Human Microbiota: Close Encounters of the Third Kind
Arsenijevic, T., Nicolle, R., Bouchart, C., D’Haene, N., Demetter, P., Puleo, F., & Laethem, J. V. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13061231 · Cited by 19
“Apart from the direct effects of alterations of the microbiome gut, dysbiosis may cause long-distance effects in other organs such as the liver, breast, lung and pancreas [76].”
BackgroundPianko, M. J., & Golob, J. L. (2022) · Cancer and Metastasis Reviews · doi:10.1007/s10555-022-10033-7 · Cited by 20
“In addition to impacting host immune defense against microbial pathogens, commensal microbiota also influence immune responses against malignancy [20].”
BackgroundGentschev, I., Petrov, I. S., Ye, M., Kafuri, L., Toews, R., Cecil, A., Oelschaeger, T. A., & Szalay, A. A. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14246033 · Cited by 17
“In recent years, several studies have demonstrated that cancer therapy can be enhanced and improved by modulation of the gut microbiome [31,39,40].”
BackgroundGou, L.-L., Yue, G. G., Lee, J. K.-M., Puno, P. T., & Lau, C. B. (2023) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115491 · Cited by 19
Yi, S., Zhang, C., Yin, P., Yu, L., Tian, F., Chen, W., & Zhai, Q. (2023) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d3fo02182c · Cited by 19
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“of cancer therapies such as immunotherapy [19].”
BackgroundChen, H., Wu, Q., Zhang, T., & Zhao, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1165360 · Cited by 19
“To understand the association between the microbiome and immune responses, recent studies have mainly focused on the association between microbiota and immunotherapy (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2018).”
BackgroundThe role of extratumoral and intratumoral microorganisms in cancer immunotherapy
Du, Y., Liu, L., Ma, W., Yan, W., Mao, W., Du, Y., Cui, K., Pu, Y., Li, Z., Sansonetti, P. J., et al. (2023) · The Innovation Life · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-life.2023.100016 · Cited by 20
Microbiota: A key factor affecting and regulating the efficacy of immunotherapy
Jiang, Y., Jia, D., Sun, Y., Ding, N., & Wang, L. (2023) · Clinical and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/ctm2.1508 · Cited by 20
Hong, S., Lee, J. H., Heo, J. Y., Suh, K. J., Kim, S. H., Kim, Y. J., & Kim, J. H. (2024) · Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1007/s00432-024-05728-z · Cited by 19
“Recent research has highlighted the important role of the gut microbiota in the immune system, which may affect the response of cancer cells to ICIs (Gopalakrishnan et al. 2018).”
BackgroundInnate lymphoid cells: A potential link between microbiota and immune responses against cancer
Panda, S. K., & Colonna, M. (2019) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2019.03.003 · Cited by 21
Advancing cancer immunotherapy: a vision for the field
de Miranda, N. F. C. C., & Trajanoski, Z. (2019) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-019-0662-6 · Cited by 19
Gut Microbiota and Heart, Vascular Injury
Zeng, C., & Tan, H. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2385-4_8 · Cited by 19
Role and potential clinical utility of ARID1A in gastrointestinal malignancy
Wang, R., Chen, M., Ye, X., & Poon, K. (2020) · Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research · doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2020.108360 · Cited by 20
Nutrient acquisition of gut microbiota: Implications for tumor immunity
Wang, Y., Huang, J., Tong, H., Jiang, Y., Yu, J., & Ma, X. (2025) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2025.06.003 · Cited by 19
Qu, G., Sun, C., Sharma, M., Uy, J. P., Song, E. J., Bhan, C., & Shu, L. (2020) · International Journal of Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1007/s00384-020-03658-z · Cited by 18
New Developments and Opportunities of Microbiota in Treating Breast Cancers
Meng, Z., Ye, Z., Zhu, P., Zhu, J., Fang, S., Qiu, T., Li, Y., & Meng, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.818793 · Cited by 18
Relationship between Intestinal Microflora and Hepatocellular Cancer Based on Gut‐Liver Axis Theory
Li, S., Han, W., He, Q., Zhang, W., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1155/2022/6533628 · Cited by 19
Zaidi, A. H., Pratama, M. Y., Omstead, A. N., Gorbonova, A., Mansoor, R., Kreft, R., Jobe, B. A., Wagner, P. L., Kelly, R. J., & Goel, A. (2022) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41416-022-01974-5 · Cited by 19
“Even though the exact mechanism remains poorly understood [48, 57].”
BackgroundGut Microbiota Host–Gene Interaction
Cuomo, P., Capparelli, R., Alifano, M., Iannelli, A., & Iannelli, D. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232213717 · Cited by 19
“may favor inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), metabolic syndrome [23], neurodegenerative diseases [24], and cancer [25] (Figure 2).”
BackgroundVandoni, G., D’Amico, F., Fabbrini, M., Mariani, L., Sieri, S., Casirati, A., Guardo, L. D., Vecchio, M. D., Anichini, A., Mortarini, R., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241411611 · Cited by 18
“Indeed, both experimental and human studies have demonstrated the importance of GM in modulating the efficacy of anticancer therapy and patients’ susceptibility to side effects [4].”
BackgroundGarg, S., Sharma, N., Bharmjeet, & Das, A. (2023) · Cancer Reports · doi:10.1002/cnr2.1892 · Cited by 20
“47 Right after birth, the immune system begins to take shape, and it continues to mature over the course of a person's lifespan.”
BackgroundCandida albicans overgrowth disrupts the gut microbiota in mice bearing oral cancer
Wang, X., Wu, S., Li, L., & Yan, Z. (2023) · Mycology: An International Journal on Fungal Biology · doi:10.1080/21501203.2023.2256761 · Cited by 20
“The dyshomeos-tasis of microbiota is not only a reflection of pathological status, but may have a significant effect on host health and tumour therapeutic outcomes (Gopalakrishnan et al. 2018; Helmink et al. 2019).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Gopalakrishnan, V., Helmink, B. A., Spencer, C. N., Reuben, A., & Wargo, J. A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wargo, Jennifer A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cancer Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 570-580
- ISSN
- 1535-6108 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6529202
- OpenAlex
- W2797443945
- Semantic Scholar
- ef32f345e706cb0acf41fe704865c7dd29e8bef1
- Cited by
- 1,392
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 128 · 2025: 171 · 2024: 172 · 2023: 206 · 2022: 219 · 2021: 217 · 2020: 162 · 2019: 89 · 2018: 26
- FWCI
- 12.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cancer Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
- Stand Up To Cancer (SU2C-AACR-IRG-19-17)
- Melanoma Research Alliance (4022024)
- U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH-16-1-0121)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Bacterial Cancer Therapy
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, cancer, immunity, cancer immunotherapy, microbiota modulation, precision medicine
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Bacteria, Clinical Trials as Topic, Humans, Immunotherapy, Neoplasms, Monitoring, Immunologic, Probiotics, Precision Medicine
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