The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
DNA Sensing in Mismatch Repair-Deficient Tumor Cells Is Essential for Anti-tumor Immunity
Open accessAbstract
Increased neoantigens in hypermutated cancers with DNA mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) are proposed as the major contributor to the high objective response rate in anti-PD-1 therapy. However, the mechanism of drug resistance is not fully understood. Using tumor models defective in the MMR gene Mlh1 (dMLH1), we show that dMLH1 tumor cells accumulate cytosolic DNA and produce IFN-β in a cGAS-STING-dependent manner, which renders dMLH1 tumors slowly progressive and highly sensitive to checkpoint blockade. In neoantigen-fixed models, dMLH1 tumors potently induce T cell priming and lose resistance to checkpoint therapy independent of tumor mutational burden. Accordingly, loss of STING or cGAS in tumor cells decreases tumor infiltration of T cells and endows resistance to checkpoint blockade. Clinically, downregulation of cGAS/STING in human dMMR cancers correlates with poor prognosis. We conclude that DNA sensing within tumor cells is essential for dMMR-triggered anti-tumor immunity. This study provides new mechanisms and biomarkers for anti-dMMR-cancer immunotherapy.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As recent evidence suggests that tumor cell-intrinsic STING is critical to the production of type I IFNs and promotion of CD8+ T cell activation via enhancing the function of APCs,33”
From Functional tumor cell-intrinsic STING, not host STING, drives local and systemic antitumor immunity and therapy efficacy following cryoablation (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
PD-1 Blockade in Tumors with Mismatch-Repair Deficiency
Le, D. T., Uram, J. N., Wang, H., Bartlett, B. R., Kemberling, H., Eyring, A. D., Skora, A. D., Luber, B. S., Azad, N. S., Laheru, D., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1500596 · Cited by 9,377
Self-citationMismatch repair deficiency predicts response of solid tumors to PD-1 blockade
Le, D. T., Durham, J. N., Smith, K. N., Wang, H., Bartlett, B. R., Aulakh, L. K., Lu, S., Kemberling, H., Wilt, C., Luber, B. S., et al. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan6733 · Cited by 6,645
Self-citationPD-1 blockade induces responses by inhibiting adaptive immune resistance
Tumeh, P. C., Harview, C. L., Yearley, J. H., Shintaku, I. P., Taylor, E. J. M., Robert, L., Chmielowski, B., Spasic, M., Henry, G., Ciobanu, V., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13954 · Cited by 6,609
TGFβ attenuates tumour response to PD-L1 blockade by contributing to exclusion of T cells
Mariathasan, S., Turley, S. J., Nickles, D., Castiglioni, A., Yuen, K., Wang, Y., Kadel III, E. E., Koeppen, H., Astarita, J. L., Cubas, R., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25501 · Cited by 5,400
Genetic Basis for Clinical Response to CTLA-4 Blockade in Melanoma
Snyder, A., Makarov, V., Merghoub, T., Yuan, J., Zaretsky, J. M., Desrichard, A., Walsh, L. A., Postow, M. A., Wong, P., Ho, T. S., et al. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1406498 · Cited by 4,286
Rosenberg, J. E., Hoffman-Censits, J., Powles, T., van der Heijden, M. S., Balar, A. V., Necchi, A., Dawson, N., O'Donnell, P. H., Balmanoukian, A., Loriot, Y., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00561-4 · Cited by 3,669
Next-generation characterization of the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia
Ghandi, M., Huang, F. W., Jané-Valbuena, J., Kryukov, G. V., Lo, C. C., McDonald, E. R., Barretina, J., Gelfand, E. T., Bielski, C. M., Li, H., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1186-3 · Cited by 3,394
Marabelle, A., Le, D. T., Ascierto, P. A., Giacomo, A. M. D., Jesus‐Acosta, A. D., Delord, J., Geva, R., Gottfried, M., Penel, N., Hansen, A. R., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.19.02105 · Cited by 3,122
Self-citationGenomic correlates of response to CTLA-4 blockade in metastatic melanoma
Van Allen, E. M., Miao, D., Schilling, B., Shukla, S. A., Blank, C., Zimmer, L., Sucker, A., Hillen, U., Geukes Foppen, M. H., Goldinger, S. M., et al. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad0095 · Cited by 2,839
Overman, M. J., McDermott, R., Leach, J. L., Lonardi, S., Lenz, H.-J., Morse, M. A., Desai, J., Hill, A., Axelson, M., Moss, R. A., et al. (2017) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30422-9 · Cited by 2,836
Melanoma-intrinsic β-catenin signalling prevents anti-tumour immunity
Spranger, S., Bao, R., & Gajewski, T. F. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14404 · Cited by 2,830
Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal Cancer
Boland, C. R., & Goel, A. (2010) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.064 · Cited by 2,456
Pan-tumor genomic biomarkers for PD-1 checkpoint blockade–based immunotherapy
Cristescu, R., Mogg, R., Ayers, M., Albright, A., Murphy, E., Yearley, J., Sher, X., Liu, X. Q., Lu, H., Nebozhyn, M., et al. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aar3593 · Cited by 2,301
Deng, L., Liang, H., Xu, M., Yang, X., Burnette, B., Arina, A., Li, X.-D., Mauceri, H., Beckett, M., Darga, T., et al. (2014) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.019 · Cited by 2,182
Self-citationImmunotherapy in colorectal cancer: Rationale, challenges and potential
Ganesh, K., Stadler, Z. K., Cercek, A., Mendelsohn, R. B., Shia, J., Segal, N. H., & Diaz, L. A. (2019) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-019-0126-x · Cited by 1,954
Self-citationSTING-Dependent Cytosolic DNA Sensing Mediates Innate Immune Recognition of Immunogenic Tumors
Woo, S.-R., Fuertes, M. B., Corrales, L., Spranger, S., Furdyna, M. J., Leung, M. Y. K., Duggan, R., Wang, Y., Barber, G. N., Fitzgerald, K. A., et al. (2014) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.017 · Cited by 1,917
Der, S. D., Zhou, A., Williams, B. R. G., & Silverman, R. H. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15623 · Cited by 1,840
Cross-presentation by dendritic cells
Joffre, O. P., Segura, É., Savina, A., & Amigorena, S. (2012) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3254 · Cited by 1,764
Interferons, immunity and cancer immunoediting
Dunn, G. P., Koebel, C. M., & Schreiber, R. D. (2006) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1961 · Cited by 1,617
Chromosomal instability drives metastasis through a cytosolic DNA response
Bakhoum, S. F., Ngo, B., Laughney, A. M., Cavallo, J.-A., Murphy, C. J., Ly, P., Shah, P., Sriram, R. K., Watkins, T. B. K., Taunk, N. K., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature25432 · Cited by 1,593
Loss of PTEN Promotes Resistance to T Cell–Mediated Immunotherapy
Peng, W., Chen, J. Q., Liu, C., Malu, S., Creasy, C., Tetzlaff, M. T., Xu, C., McKenzie, J. A., Zhang, C., Liang, X., et al. (2016) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0283 · Cited by 1,539
MISMATCH REPAIR IN REPLICATION FIDELITY, GENETIC RECOMBINATION, AND CANCER BIOLOGY
Modrich, P. L., & Lahue, R. S. (1996) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.65.070196.000533 · Cited by 1,510
Llosa, N. J., Cruise, M., Tam, A., Wicks, E. C., Hechenbleikner, E. M., Taube, J. M., Blosser, R. L., Fan, H., Wang, H., Luber, B. S., et al. (2015) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0863 · Cited by 1,487
Mechanisms and functions of DNA mismatch repair
Li, G. (2007) · Cell Research · doi:10.1038/cr.2007.115 · Cited by 1,479
Self-citationPrimary Resistance to PD-1 Blockade Mediated by JAK1/2 Mutations
Shin, D. S., Zaretsky, J. M., Escuin-Ordinas, H., Garcia-Diaz, A., Hu-Lieskovan, S., Kalbasi, A., Grasso, C. S., Hugo, W., Sandoval, S., Torrejon, D. Y., et al. (2017) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-1223 · Cited by 1,337
Self-citationThe Cytosolic DNA-Sensing cGAS–STING Pathway in Cancer
Kwon, J., & Bakhoum, S. F. (2020) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0761 · Cited by 1,293
Epigenetic silencing of TH1-type chemokines shapes tumour immunity and immunotherapy
Peng, D., Kryczek, I., Nagarsheth, N., Zhao, L., Wei, S., Wang, W., Sun, Y., Zhao, E., Vatan, L., Szeliga, W., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature15520 · Cited by 1,201
Cancer cell–autonomous contribution of type I interferon signaling to the efficacy of chemotherapy
Sistigu, A., Yamazaki, T., Vacchelli, E., Chaba, K., Enot, D. P., Adam, J., Vitale, I., Goubar, A., Baracco, E. E., Remédios, C., et al. (2014) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3708 · Cited by 1,042
Sen, T., Rodriguez, B. L., Chen, L., Corte, C. M. D., Morikawa, N., Fujimoto, J., Cristea, S., Nguyen, T., Diao, L., Li, L., et al. (2019) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-1020 · Cited by 902
Proteogenomic Analysis of Human Colon Cancer Reveals New Therapeutic Opportunities
Vasaikar, S., Huang, C., Wang, X., Petyuk, V. A., Savage, S. R., Wen, B., Dou, Y., Zhang, Y., Shi, Z., Arshad, O. A., et al. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.030 · Cited by 799
Self-citationPantelidou, C., Sonzogni, O., De Oliveria Taveira, M., Mehta, A. K., Kothari, A., Wang, D., Visal, T., Li, M. K., Pinto, J., Castrillon, J. A., et al. (2019) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-1218 · Cited by 743
Nuclear cGAS suppresses DNA repair and promotes tumorigenesis
Liu, H., Zhang, H., Wu, X., Ma, D., Wu, J., Wang, L., Jiang, Y., Fei, Y., Zhu, C., Tan, R., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0629-6 · Cited by 672
Self-citationInactivation of DNA repair triggers neoantigen generation and impairs tumour growth
Germano, G., Lamba, S., Rospo, G., Barault, L., Magrì, A., Maione, F., Russo, M., Crisafulli, G., Bartolini, A., Lerda, G., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature24673 · Cited by 638
Shen, J., Zhao, W., Ju, Z., Wang, L., Peng, Y., Labrie, M., Yap, T. A., Mills, G. B., & Peng, G. (2018) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1003 · Cited by 614
Maleki Vareki, S. (2018) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1186/s40425-018-0479-7 · Cited by 569
cGAS is essential for the antitumor effect of immune checkpoint blockade
Wang, H., Hu, S., Chen, X., Shi, H., Chen, C., Sun, L., & Chen, Z. J. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1621363114 · Cited by 563
Mandal, R., Samstein, R. M., Lee, K.-W., Havel, J. J., Wang, H., Krishna, C., Sabio, E. Y., Makarov, V., Kuo, F., Blecua, P., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau0447 · Cited by 554
Self-citationCho, B. K., Rao, V. P., Ge, Q., Eisen, H. N., & Chen, J. (2000) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.192.4.549 · Cited by 509
Facilitating T Cell Infiltration in Tumor Microenvironment Overcomes Resistance to PD-L1 Blockade
Tang, H., Wang, Y., Chlewicki, L. K., Zhang, Y., Guo, J., Liang, W. P., Wang, J., Wang, X., & Fu, Y. (2016) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2016.02.004 · Cited by 482
Self-citationSystematic identification of type I and type II interferon-induced antiviral factors
Liu, S.-Y., Sanchez, D. J., Aliyari, R., Sun, L., & Cheng, G. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1114981109 · Cited by 454
Genetic Basis for Clinical Response to CTLA-4 Blockade in Melanoma
Chan, T. A.-T., Wolchok, J. D., & Snyder, A. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc1508163 · Cited by 420
Spranger, S., Luke, J. J., Bao, R., Zha, Y., Hernandez, K. M., Yan, L., Gajewski, A. P., Andrade, J., & Gajewski, T. F. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1609376113 · Cited by 403
Reconstitution of 5′-Directed Human Mismatch Repair in a Purified System
Zhang, Y., Yuan, F., Presnell, S. R., Tian, K., Gao, Y., Tomkinson, A. E., Gu, L., & Li, G. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.06.027 · Cited by 380
Self-citationSTING Promotes the Growth of Tumors Characterized by Low Antigenicity via IDO Activation
Lemos, H. D. P., Mohamed, E. T., Huang, L., Ou, R., Pacholczyk, G. A., Arbab, A. S., Munn, D. H., & Mellor, A. L. (2016) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1456 · Cited by 325
MLH1 Deficiency-Triggered DNA Hyperexcision by Exonuclease 1 Activates the cGAS-STING Pathway
Guan, J., Lu, C., Jin, Q., Lu, H., Chen, X., Tian, L., Zhang, Y., Ortega, J., Zhang, J., Siteni, S., et al. (2020) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2020.11.004 · Cited by 245
Self-citationHeemskerk, B., Kvistborg, P., & Schumacher, T. N. (2012) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/emboj.2012.333 · Cited by 239
Identification of Genes Selectively Regulated by IFNs in Endothelial Cells
Indraccolo, S., Pfeffer, U., Minuzzo, S. A., Esposito, G., Roni, V., Mandruzzato, S., Ferrari, N., Anfosso, L., Dell’Eva, R., Noonan, D. M., et al. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.2.1122 · Cited by 158
Sceneay, J., Goreczny, G. J., Wilson, K., Morrow, S., DeCristo, M. J., Ubellacker, J. M., Qin, Y., Laszewski, T., Stover, D. G., Barrera, V., et al. (2019) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-1454 · Cited by 156
Facilitating T Cell Infiltration in Tumor Microenvironment Overcomes Resistance to PD-L1 Blockade
Tang, H., Wang, Y., Chlewicki, L. K., Zhang, Y., Guo, J., Liang, W. P., Wang, J., Wang, X., & Fu, Y. (2016) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2016.08.011 · Cited by 116
Self-citationDifferential Gene Induction by Type I and Type II Interferons and Their Combination
Sanda, C., Weitzel, P., Tsukahara, T., Schaley, J. E., Edenberg, H. J., Stephens, M. J., McClintick, J. N., Blatt, L. M., Li, L., Brodsky, L., et al. (2006) · Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research · doi:10.1089/jir.2006.26.462 · Cited by 115
Global changes in STAT target selection and transcription regulation upon interferon treatmentsPreprint
Hartman, S. E., Bertone, P., Nath, A. K., Royce, T. E., Gerstein, M., Weissman, S. M., & Snyder, M. P. (2005) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1371305 · Cited by 111
Paz-Ares, L. G., Langer, C. J., Novello, S., Halmos, B., Cheng, Y., Gadgeel, S. M., Hui, R., Sugawara, S., Borghaei, H., Cristescu, R., et al. (2019) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdz394.078 · Cited by 104
NQO1 targeting prodrug triggers innate sensing to overcome checkpoint blockade resistance
Li, X., Liu, Z., Zhang, A., Han, C., Shen, A., Jiang, L., Boothman, D. A., Qiao, J., Wang, Y., Huang, X., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11238-1 · Cited by 95
Self-citationImmune Profiling of Premalignant Lesions in Patients With Lynch Syndrome
Chang, K., Taggart, M. W., Reyes-Uribe, L., Borràs, E., Riquelme, E. M., Barnett, R. M., Leoni, G., Lucas, F. A. S., Catanese, M. T., Mori, F., et al. (2018) · JAMA Oncology · doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.1482 · Cited by 90
von Loga, K., Woolston, A., Punta, M., Barber, L. J., Griffiths, B. L., Semiannikova, M., Spain, G., Challoner, B. R., Fenwick, K., Simon, R., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13915-7 · Cited by 74
Diaz, L. A., Marabelle, A., Kim, T. W., Geva, R., Cutsem, E. V., André, T., Ascierto, P. A., Maio, M., Delord, J., Gottfried, M., et al. (2017) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdx367.020 · Cited by 65
Self-citationKoelzer, V. H., Baker, K., Kassahn, D., Baumhoer, D., & Zlobec, I. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2012-200742 · Cited by 43
Mardjuki, R. E., Carozza, J. A., & Li, L. (2020) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.ra119.012170 · Cited by 23
Kopetz, S., André, T., Overman, M. J., Zagonel, V., Lonardi, S., Aglietta, M., Gelsomino, F., McDermott, R., Wong, K. Y. M., Hendlisz, A., et al. (2018) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-2603 · Cited by 10
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 60 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Diaz, L. A., Shiu, K., Kim, T., Jensen, B. V., Jensen, L. H., Punt, C. J. A., Smith, D. M., García‐Carbonero, R., Benavides, M., Gibbs, P., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00197-8 · Cited by 993
Self-citationTurning cold tumors hot: from molecular mechanisms to clinical applications
Zhang, J., Huang, D., Saw, P. E., & Song, E. (2022) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2022.04.010 · Cited by 534
Therapeutic targeting of tumour myeloid cells
Barry, S. T., Gabrilovich, D. I., Sansom, O. J., Campbell, A. D., & Morton, J. P. (2023) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-022-00546-2 · Cited by 305
Targeting the DNA damage response in immuno-oncology: developments and opportunities
Chabanon, R. M., Rouanne, M., Lord, C. J., Soria, J., Pasero, P., & Postel-Vinay, S. C. (2021) · Nature reviews. Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41568-021-00386-6 · Cited by 306
Regulation of cGAS–STING signalling and its diversity of cellular outcomes
Zhang, Z., & Zhang, C. (2025) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-024-01112-7 · Cited by 287
Metadata
- Authors
- Lu, C., Guan, J., Lu, S., Jin, Q., Rousseau, B., Lu, T., Stephens, D., Zhang, H., Zhu, J., Yang, M., Ren, Z., Liang, Y., Liu, Z., Han, C., Liu, L., Cao, X., Zhang, A., Qiao, J., Batten, K., Chen, M., Castrillon, D. H., Wang, T., Li, B., Diaz, L. A., Li, G.-M., & Fu, Y.-X.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Guo-Min
- Fu, Yang-Xin
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cancer Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 96-108.e6
- ISSN
- 1535-6108 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9477183
- OpenAlex
- W3112754342
- Cited by
- 285
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 32
- FWCI
- 13.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cancer Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Entertainment Industry Foundation
- Amaldi Research Center
- Astellas Pharma US
- Johns Hopkins University
- Merck
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (RP180725)
- Novartis
- Bayer Fund
- Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RR150072, RR160101)
- Jounce Therapeutics
- Gilead Sciences
- Servier
- American Association for Cancer Research
- National Institutes of Health (1R01CA245318-01A1, 5P30CA142543)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Keywords
- mismatch repair deficiency, MLH1, cytosolic DNA sensing, cGAS-STING pathway, interferon-beta, neoantigens, anti-PD-1 therapy, immune checkpoint blockade, tumor immunogenicity, T cell priming, tumor mutational burden, drug resistance, prognostic factors, cancer immunotherapy
- MeSH terms
- MutL Protein Homolog 1, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, STING Protein, Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-Adenosine Monophosphate Synthase, Animals, Female, Humans, Membrane Proteins, Neoplasm Transplantation, Neoplasms, Nucleotidyltransferases, Prognosis, Signal Transduction, Down-Regulation, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Interferon-beta, Cell Line, Tumor, Mice, DNA Mismatch Repair
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
