Regional neural activation defines a gateway for autoreactive T cells to cross the blood-brain barrier
Open accessAbstract
Although it is believed that neural activation can affect immune responses, very little is known about the neuroimmune interactions involved, especially the regulators of immune traffic across the blood-brain barrier which occurs in neuroimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Using a mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, we show that autoreactive T cells access the central nervous system via the fifth lumbar spinal cord. This location is defined by IL-6 amplifier-dependent upregulation of the chemokine CCL20 in associated dorsal blood vessels, which in turn depends on gravity-induced activation of sensory neurons by the soleus muscle in the leg. Impairing soleus muscle contraction by tail suspension is sufficient to reduce localized chemokine expression and block entry of pathogenic T cells at the fifth lumbar cord, suggesting that regional neuroimmune interactions may offer therapeutic targets for a variety of neurological diseases.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
IL-6 and sIL-6Rα act on fibroblasts and endothelial cells to recruit Th17 cells, leading to an RA-like joint disease (F759 arthritis) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
“Further, they act on fibroblasts and endothelial cells to recruit T helper 17 (Th17) cells, leading to an RA-like joint disease (F759 arthritis) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) (54, 66, 99).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [54]
The Introduction (page unavailable) links IL-6 amplifier activation to F759 arthritis and EAE, and the Results (page unavailable) show that endothelial-cell IL-6 signalling contributes to pathogenic CD4+ T-cell accumulation and EAE severity. The paper also discusses Th17-cell recruitment in joints, but the passages do not establish a role for sIL-6Rα or show that fibroblasts specifically mediate the recruitment claimed here. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMice devoid of STAT3 or gp130 in non-immune cells like type-1 collagen positive cells are highly resistant to F759 arthritis and EAE.
“Consistent with the concept that IL-6 Amp activation in non-immune cells plays a pivotal role in the development of autoimmune diseases, mice devoid of STAT3 or gp130 in non-immune cells like type-1 collagen positive cells are highly resistant to F759 arthritis and EAE (54, 66).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [54]
The Results (page unavailable) report significantly suppressed clinical EAE scores in mice lacking gp130 or STAT3 in type 1 collagen-positive cells, supporting the EAE portion. The Introduction mentions F759 arthritis as a disease associated with IL-6 amplifier activation, but this paper does not report that these mutant mice resist F759 arthritis. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe gateway reflex activates the IL-6 Amp through beta-adrenergic receptors in the dorsal vessels of the fifth lumbar cord, allowing for autoreactive T-cell accumulation and disease onset.
“This neural pathway, which is now called the gateway reflex (286, 287), activates the IL-6 Amp through beta-adrenergic receptors in the dorsal vessels of the fifth lumbar cord, allowing for autoreactive T-cell accumulation and disease onset (54).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [54]
The Results report that neural activation increases IL-6 amplifier activity in fifth-lumbar dorsal vessels, promoting pathogenic T-cell accumulation; atenolol suppresses that accumulation and abrogates EAE development. The copy identifies atenolol as a norepinephrine antagonist but does not establish that the pathway acts specifically through beta-adrenergic receptors in those vessels. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn an adoptive transfer model of EAE using myelin-specific autoreactive CD4(+) T cells, the initial invasion site of these cells is determined by specific neural activation through the sensory-sympathetic pathway stimulated by gravity.
“In an adoptive transfer model of EAE using myelin-specific autoreactive CD4(+) T cells, it was found that the initial invasion site of these cells is determined by specific neural activation through the sensory–sympathetic pathway stimulated by gravity (54).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [54]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Part of this paper’s reference list could not be split into single entries.
Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway
Tracey, K. J. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci30555 · Cited by 1,563 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Detailed anatomical analysis has suggested the lymphoid organs are innervated by the peripheral nervous system (Sternberg, 2006), the sympathetic nervous system (Nance and Sanders, 2007), and the parasympathetic nervous system (Tracey, 2007).”
Reboldi, A., Coisne, C., Baumjohann, D., Benvenuto, F., Bottinelli, D., Lira, S., Uccelli, A., Lanzavecchia, A., Engelhardt, B., & Sallusto, F. (2009) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1716 · Cited by 1,206 · see citing works
Autonomic innervation and regulation of the immune system (1987–2007)
Nance, D. M., & Sanders, V. M. (2007) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.03.008 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Takeda, K., Kaisho, T., Yoshida, N., Takeda, J., Kishimoto, T., & Akira, S. (1998) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.161.9.4652 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Illuminating viral infections in the nervous system
McGavern, D. B., & Kang, S. S. (2011) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2971 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Murakami, M., Okuyama, Y., Ogura, H., Asano, S., Arima, Y., Tsuruoka, M., Harada, M., Kanamoto, M., Sawa, Y., Iwakura, Y., et al. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20100900 · Cited by 100 · cited 4× · see citing works
“We have previously shown that Th17 cells accumulate in joints in a manner dependent on activating the IL-6 amplifier (Murakami et al., 2011), suggesting that the amplifier might be involved in the above accumulation.”
InfluentialSelf-citationMurakami, M., & Hirano, T. (2011) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2011.00022 · Cited by 53 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…of the antigen-specificity, (2) triggering factors for local accumulation of CD4+ T cells, (3) transient activation of the IL-6 amplifier in local tissues by cytokines from the CD4+ T cells, and (4) increased sensitivity to the cytokines in these local tissues (Murakami and Hirano, 2011).”
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 32
- [1]1. Betz, U.A. ∙ Bloch, W. ∙ van den Broek, M. ... Postnatally induced inactivation of gp130 in mice results in neurological, cardiac, hematopoietic, immunological, hepatic, and pulmonary defects J. Exp. Med. 1998; 188:1955-1965 Crossref Scopus (190) PubMed Google Scholar
- [2]2. Brosnan, C.F. ∙ Goldmuntz, E.A. ∙ Cammer, W. ... Prazosin, an alpha 1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1985; 82:5915-5919 Crossref Scopus (72) PubMed Google Scholar
- [3]3. Canu, M.H. ∙ Garnier, C. A 3D analysis of fore- and hindlimb motion during overground and ladder walking: comparison of control and unloaded rats Exp. Neurol. 2009; 218:98-108 Crossref Scopus (24) PubMed Google Scholar
- [4]4. De-Doncker, L. ∙ Kasri, M. ∙ Picquet, F. ... Physiologically adaptive changes of the L5 afferent neurogram and of the rat soleus EMG activity during 14 days of hindlimb unloading and recovery J. Exp. Biol. 2005; 208:4585-4592 Crossref Scopus (64) PubMed Google Scholar
- [5]5. Dimitrijević, M. ∙ Rauski, A. ∙ Radojević, K. ... Beta-adrenoceptor blockade ameliorates the clinical course of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and diminishes its aggravation in adrenalectomized rats Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2007; 577:170-182 Crossref Scopus (14) PubMed Google Scholar
- [6]6. Felten, D.L. Neural influence on immune responses: underlying suppositions and basic principles of neural-immune signaling Prog. Brain Res. 2000; 122:381-389 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
- [7]7. Galea, I. ∙ Bechmann, I. ∙ Perry, V.H. What is immune privilege (not)? Trends Immunol. 2007; 28:12-18 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (608) PubMed Google Scholar
- [8]8. Hirano, T. Interleukin 6 in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases: a personal memoir Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, Phys. Biol. Sci. 2010; 86:717-730 Crossref Scopus (144) PubMed Google Scholar
- [9]9. Iwakura, Y. ∙ Ishigame, H. The IL-23/IL-17 axis in inflammation J. Clin. Invest. 2006; 116:1218-1222 Crossref Scopus (874) PubMed Google Scholar
- [10]10. Kaufman, M.P. ∙ Hayes, S.G. The exercise pressor reflex Clin. Auton. Res. 2002; 12:429-439 Crossref Scopus (233) PubMed Google Scholar
- [11]11. Kawamoto, T. Use of a new adhesive film for the preparation of multi-purpose fresh-frozen sections from hard tissues, whole-animals, insects and plants Arch. Histol. Cytol. 2003; 66:123-143 Crossref Scopus (502) PubMed Google Scholar
- [12]12. Kawano, F. ∙ Nomura, T. ∙ Ishihara, A. ... Afferent input-associated reduction of muscle activity in microgravity environment Neuroscience. 2002; 114:1133-1138 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (70) PubMed Google Scholar
- [13]13. Kawano, F. ∙ Matsuoka, Y. ∙ Oke, Y. ... Role(s) of nucleoli and phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 and/or HSP27 in the regulation of muscle mass Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2007; 293:C35-C44 Crossref Scopus (49) PubMed Google Scholar
- [14]14. Longhurst, J.C. Defining meridians: a modern basis of understanding J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud. 2010; 3:67-74 Crossref Scopus (126) PubMed Google Scholar
- [15]15. Matsumoto, Y. ∙ Kawai, K. ∙ Fujiwara, M. Hemorrhagic autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by adoptive transfer of activated semiallogeneic spleen cells into irradiated rats Am. J. Pathol. 1988; 133:306-315 PubMed Google Scholar
- [19]19. Nakao, R. ∙ Hirasaka, K. ∙ Goto, J. ... Ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b is a negative regulator for insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling during muscle atrophy caused by unloading Mol. Cell. Biol. 2009; 29:4798-4811 Crossref Scopus (154) PubMed Google Scholar
- [21]21. Nishihara, M. ∙ Ogura, H. ∙ Ueda, N. ... IL-6-gp130-STAT3 in T cells directs the development of IL-17+ Th with a minimum effect on that of Treg in the steady state Int. Immunol. 2007; 19:695-702 Crossref Scopus (217) PubMed Google Scholar
- [22]22. Ogura, H. ∙ Murakami, M. ∙ Okuyama, Y. ... Interleukin-17 promotes autoimmunity by triggering a positive-feedback loop via interleukin-6 induction Immunity. 2008; 29:628-636 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (478) PubMed Google Scholar
- [23]23. Ohira, M. ∙ Hanada, H. ∙ Kawano, F. ... Regulation of the properties of rat hind limb muscles following gravitational unloading Jpn. J. Physiol. 2002; 52:235-245 Crossref Scopus (47) PubMed Google Scholar
- [24]24. Ohira, Y. ∙ Kawano, F. ∙ Stevens, J.L. ... Load-dependent regulation of neuromuscular system J. Gravit. Physiol. 2004; 11:127-128 Google Scholar
- [25]25. Panitch, H.S. Adoptive transfer of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis with activated spleen cells: comparison of in vitro activation by concanavalin a and myelin basic protein Cell. Immunol. 1980; 56:163-171 Crossref Scopus (39) PubMed Google Scholar
- [26]26. Ransohoff, R.M. Chemokines and chemokine receptors: standing at the crossroads of immunobiology and neurobiology Immunity. 2009; 31:711-721 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (305) PubMed Google Scholar
- [28]28. Sadikot, R.T. ∙ Blackwell, T.S. Bioluminescence: imaging modality for in vitro and in vivo gene expression Methods Mol. Biol. 2008; 477:383-394 Crossref Scopus (30) PubMed Google Scholar
- [29]29. Salinas, S. ∙ Schiavo, G. ∙ Kremer, E.J. A hitchhiker's guide to the nervous system: the complex journey of viruses and toxins Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2010; 8:645-655 Crossref Scopus (147) PubMed Google Scholar
- [30]30. Sawa, Y. ∙ Arima, Y. ∙ Ogura, H. ... Hepatic interleukin-7 expression regulates T cell responses Immunity. 2009; 30:447-457 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (156) PubMed Google Scholar
- [31]31. Smith, S.A. ∙ Mitchell, J.H. ∙ Garry, M.G. The mammalian exercise pressor reflex in health and disease Exp Physiol. 2006; 91:89-102 Crossref Scopus (183) PubMed Google Scholar
- [32]32. Sternberg, E.M. Neural regulation of innate immunity: a coordinated nonspecific host response to pathogens Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2006; 6:318-328 Crossref Scopus (855) PubMed Google Scholar
- [34]34. Thayer, J.F. ∙ Sternberg, E.M. Neural aspects of immunomodulation: focus on the vagus nerve Brain Behav. Immun. 2010; 24:1223-1228 Crossref Scopus (137) PubMed Google Scholar
- [36]36. Ueda, N. ∙ Kuki, H. ∙ Kamimura, D. ... CD1d-restricted NKT cell activation enhanced homeostatic proliferation of CD8+ T cells in a manner dependent on IL-4 Int. Immunol. 2006; 18:1397-1404 Crossref Scopus (20) PubMed Google Scholar
- [37]37. Varona, R. ∙ Villares, R. ∙ Carramolino, L. ... CCR6-deficient mice have impaired leukocyte homeostasis and altered contact hypersensitivity and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses J. Clin. Invest. 2001; 107:R37-R45 Crossref Scopus (193) PubMed Google Scholar
- [38]38. Watkins, L.R. ∙ Maier, S.F. Implications of immune-to-brain communication for sickness and pain Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1999; 96:7710-7713 Crossref Scopus (220) PubMed Google Scholar
- [39]39. Wilson, E.H. ∙ Weninger, W. ∙ Hunter, C.A. Trafficking of immune cells in the central nervous system J. Clin. Invest. 2010; 120:1368-1379 Crossref Scopus (414) PubMed Google Scholar
Cited by
Sorted by citations
IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer
Hirano, T. (2021) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxaa078 · Cited by 1,453 · see citing works
“Further, pain sensation induces a relapse of EAE by activating the IL-6 Amp through another sensory–sympathetic neural network (55).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe gut-brain axis: is intestinal inflammation a silent driver of Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis?
Houser, M. C., & Tansey, M. G. (2017) · npj Parkinson's Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-016-0002-0 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Pleiotropy and specificity: insights from the interleukin 6 family of cytokines
Murakami, M., Kamimura, D., & Hirano, T. (2019) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.027 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of IL-17 and related cytokines in inflammatory autoimmune diseases
Kuwabara, T., Ishikawa, F., Kondo, M., & Kakiuchi, T. (2017) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2017/3908061 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
A noninflammatory mRNA vaccine for treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Krienke, C., Kolb, L., Diken, E., Streuber, M., Kirchhoff, S., Bukur, T., Akilli-Öztürk, Ö., Kranz, L. M., Berger, H., Petschenka, J., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay3638 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Molecular and functional neuroscience in immunity
Pavlov, V. A., Chavan, S. S., & Tracey, K. J. (2018) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-053158 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Rethinking inflammation: neural circuits in the regulation of immunity
Olofsson, P. S., Rosas‐Ballina, M., Levine, Y. A., & Tracey, K. J. (2012) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01138.x · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Pavlov, V. A., & Tracey, K. J. (2015) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1007/s12026-015-8718-1 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Relationship between intracortical electrode design and chronic recording function
Karumbaiah, L., Saxena, T., Carlson, D., Patil, K., Patkar, R., Gaupp, E. A., Betancur, M., Stanley, G. B., Carin, L., & Bellamkonda, R. V. (2013) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.016 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
β-Synuclein-reactive T cells induce autoimmune CNS grey matter degeneration
Lodygin, D., Hermann, M., Schweingruber, N., Flügel-Koch, C., Watanabe, T., Schlosser, C., Merlini, A., Körner, H., Chang, H.-F., Fischer, H. J., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-0964-2 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Dileepan, T., Smith, E. D., Knowland, D., Hsu, M., Platt, M., Bittner-Eddy, P., Cohen, B., Southern, P., Latimer, E., Harley, E., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci80792 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Disease-association analysis of an inflammation-related feedback loop
Murakami, M., Harada, M., Kamimura, D., Ogura, H., Okuyama, Y., Kumai, N., Okuyama, A., Singh, R., Jiang, J.-J., Atsumi, T., et al. (2013) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2013.01.028 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“Induction of Th17 Cell Differentiation and EAE Development EAE induction was performed as described previously (Arima et al., 2012; Ogura et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationOlofsson, P. S., Levine, Y. A., Caravaca, A., Chavan, S. S., Pavlov, V. A., Faltys, M., & Tracey, K. J. (2015) · Bioelectronic Medicine · doi:10.15424/bioelectronmed.2015.00006 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Neural control of the immune system
Sundman, E., & Olofsson, P. S. (2014) · Advances in Physiology Education · doi:10.1152/advan.00094.2013 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Arima, Y., Kamimura, D., Atsumi, T., Harada, M., Kawamoto, T., Nishikawa, N., Stofkova, A., Ohki, T., Higuchi, K., Morimoto, Y., et al. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.08733 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationDuan, H., Xing, S., Luo, Y., Feng, L., Gramaglia, I., Zhang, Y., Lu, D., Zeng, Q., Fan, K., Feng, J., et al. (2013) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep01687 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Wimmer, I., Scharler, C., Zrzavy, T., Kadowaki, T., Mödlagl, V., Rojc, K., Tröscher, A. R., Kitic, M., Ueda, S., Bradl, M., et al. (2019) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-019-0667-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Gateway reflex: neural activation-mediated immune cell gateways in the central nervous system
Kamimura, D., Ohki, T., Arima, Y., & Murakami, M. (2018) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/dxy034 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Arima, Y., Harada, M., Kamimura, D., Park, J.-H., Kawano, F., Yull, F. E., Kawamoto, T., Iwakura, Y., Betz, U. A. K., Márquez, G., Blackwell, T. S., Ohira, Y., Hirano, T., & Murakami, M.
- Affiliations
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JP)
- The University of Osaka (JP)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Tsurumi University (JP)
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Merck KGaA, Darmstadt (Germany) (DE)
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Murakami, Masaaki
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 148
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 447-457
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2118730986
- Cited by
- 307
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 25.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 532 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (20220009)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Keywords
- blood-brain barrier, autoreactive T cells, neuroimmune interactions, multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, CCL20, interleukin-6, spinal cord, sensory neurons, soleus muscle, gravity, tail suspension test, chemokine expression, T cell migration
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Cell Movement, Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental, Gravitation, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Multiple Sclerosis, Spinal Cord, Neuroimmunomodulation, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Interleukin-6, Muscle, Skeletal, Mice, Chemokine CCL20
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
