Molecular and functional neuroscience in immunity
Open accessAbstract
The nervous system regulates immunity and inflammation. The molecular detection of pathogen fragments, cytokines, and other immune molecules by sensory neurons generates immunoregulatory responses through efferent autonomic neuron signaling. The functional organization of this neural control is based on principles of reflex regulation. Reflexes involving the vagus nerve and other nerves have been therapeutically explored in models of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, and recently in clinical settings. The brain integrates neuro-immune communication, and brain function is altered in diseases characterized by peripheral immune dysregulation and inflammation. Here we review the anatomical and molecular basis of the neural interface with immunity, focusing on peripheral neural control of immune functions and the role of the brain in the model of the immunological homunculus. Clinical advances stemming from this knowledge within the framework of bioelectronic medicine are also briefly outlined.
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The gateway reflex activates the IL-6 Amp through beta-adrenergic receptors in the dorsal vessels of the fifth lumbar cord, allowing for autoreactive T-cell accumulation and disease onset.
“This neural pathway, which is now called the gateway reflex (286, 287), activates the IL-6 Amp through beta-adrenergic receptors in the dorsal vessels of the fifth lumbar cord, allowing for autoreactive T-cell accumulation and disease onset (54).”
From IL-6 in inflammation, autoimmunity and cancer (2021) · cites this paper as [287]
The Efferent Autonomic Neurons and Neural Reflexes section (page not provided) describes a gateway reflex in an animal model of multiple sclerosis: catecholamine release at L5 dorsal blood vessels stimulates an IL-6-amplifying mechanism and increases autoreactive T-cell entry into the CNS. It does not specify β-adrenergic receptors in those vessels or state that the reflex causes disease onset. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Self-citationRole of the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Reflex in Central Nervous System Diseases
Ramos-Martínez, I. E., Rodriguez, M. C., Cerbón, M. A., Ramos-Martínez, J. C., & Ramos-Martínez, E. G. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222413427 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Salivary lactoferrin as biomarker for Alzheimer's disease: Brain‐immunity interactions
Bermejo‐Pareja, F., del Ser, T., Valentí, M., la Fuente, M. D., Bartolomé, F. B., & Carro, E. (2020) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12107 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Treating disorders across the lifespan by modulating cholinergic signaling with galantamine
Metz, C. N., & Pavlov, V. A. (2020) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15243 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationPanax notoginseng saponins and their applications in nervous system disorders: a narrative review
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Sahn, B. A., Pascuma, K. A., Kohn, N. E., Tracey, K. J., & Markowitz, J. F. (2023) · Bioelectronic Medicine · doi:10.1186/s42234-023-00124-3 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationMeade, E., & Garvey, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23158574 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome
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Pavlov, V. A. (2020) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107794 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
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Konstantinou, G. Ν., Konstantinou, G., Koulias, C., Petalas, K., & Makris, M. P. (2022) · Journal of Asthma and Allergy · doi:10.2147/jaa.s282039 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
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Sangaleti, C. T., Katayama, K. Y., Angelis, K. D., de Moraes, T. L., de Araújo, A. A., Lopes, H. F., Camacho, C. P., Bortolotto, L. A., Michelini, L. C., Irigoyen, M. C., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.613979 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
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Probiotics of Diverse Origin and Their Therapeutic Applications: A Review
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Regulation of Carcinogenesis by Sensory Neurons and Neuromediators
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Development and characterization of a chronic implant mouse model for vagus nerve stimulation
Mughrabi, I. T., Hickman, J. L., Jayaprakash, N., Thompson, D., Ahmed, U., Papadoyannis, E. S., Chang, Y.-C., Abbas, A., Datta, T., Chang, E. H., et al. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.61270 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
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Acupuncture modulates immunity in sepsis: Toward a science-based protocol
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Control of inflammation using non-invasive neuromodulation: past, present and promise
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Pavlov, V. A., Chavan, S. S., & Tracey, K. J.
- Affiliations
- Northwell Health (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Immunology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2018-04-26
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 783-812
- ISSN
- 0732-0582 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-3278
- PMC
- PMC6057146
- OpenAlex
- W2802639922
- Cited by
- 444
- References
- 207
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 4.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM089807, R01GM057226, R35GM118182)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (P01AI102852)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vagus Nerve Stimulation Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- neuroimmunity, vagus nerve, reflex control, sensory neurons, cytokine detection, neuroimmune interactions, bioelectronic medicine, inflammation, autoimmune disease
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Disease Susceptibility, Humans, Immunity, Nervous System, Nervous System Physiological Phenomena, Neuroimmunomodulation, Signal Transduction, Biomarkers, Translational Research, Biomedical
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