Illuminating viral infections in the nervous system

McGavern, Dorian B.; Kang, Silvia S.

doi:10.1038/nri2971

Cited by 281interferon and immune responsesNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsBarrier Structure and Function Studies

Illuminating viral infections in the nervous system

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McGavern, Dorian B., Kang, Silvia S.·2011·Nature Reviews Immunology

DOI 10.1038/nri2971PMC PMC5001841

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Abstract

Viral infections are a major cause of human disease. Although most viruses replicate in peripheral tissues, some have developed unique strategies to move into the nervous system, where they establish acute or persistent infections. Viral infections in the central nervous system (CNS) can alter homeostasis, induce neurological dysfunction and result in serious, potentially life-threatening inflammatory diseases. This Review focuses on the strategies used by neurotropic viruses to cross the barrier systems of the CNS and on how the immune system detects and responds to viral infections in the CNS. A special emphasis is placed on immune surveillance of persistent and latent viral infections and on recent insights gained from imaging both protective and pathogenic antiviral immune responses.

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Viral infections in general downregulate TJ proteins and promote chemokine production and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expression in brain endothelial cells, thereby weakening the BBB and facilitating entry into the brain.
“Viral infections in general downregulate TJ proteins and promote chemokine production and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expression in brain endothelial cells, thereby weakening the BBB and facilitating entry into the brain (5, 212, 399, 613).”
From Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back (2019) · cites this paper as [399]
The “Crossing the vascular endothelium” section reports that, in many cases, viral infection of brain endothelial cell lines in vitro increases chemokine production and VCAM1 expression and alters tight-junction proteins. It says these changes have the potential to increase permeability and permit viral entry; it does not establish that viral infections generally downregulate tight-junction proteins or necessarily weaken the BBB. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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[6]Tyler KL Emerging viral infections of the central nervous system: part 1 Arch Neurol 66 939 948 2009 19667214 PMC2873855
[99]Brockhaus J Moller T Kettenmann H Phagocytozing ameboid microglial cells studied in a mouse corpus callosum slice preparation Glia 16 81 90 1996 8787776

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“…with substantial CNS-related tissue pathology and inflammation, e.g., multiple sclerosis, traumatic injury, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, or infection (Hafler et al., 2005; Gate et al., 2010; Donnelly et al., 2011; Hawthorne and Popovich, 2011; McGavern and Kang, 2011; de Vries et al., 2012).”
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Authors: McGavern, D. B., & Kang, S. S.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Corresponding author: McGavern, Dorian B.
ORCID: McGavern, Dorian B.
Kang, Silvia S.
Venue: Nature Reviews Immunology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2011-04-21
Volume: 11
Issue: 5
Pages: 318-329
ISSN: 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
1474-1741
DOI: 10.1038/nri2971
PMC: PMC5001841
OpenAlex: W2059369279
Cited by: 281
References: 119
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 1.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 061447-01, F32NS061447, ZIANS003111)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
Keywords: neurotropic viruses, viral persistence, viral latency, antiviral immunity, immune surveillance, neuroinflammation, viral neuroinfection
MeSH terms: Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Capillary Permeability, Central Nervous System, Endothelium, Vascular, Humans, Viruses, Virus Latency, Peripheral Nervous System, Central Nervous System Viral Diseases, Blood-Nerve Barrier, Virus Internalization

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