Distinct Mesenchymal Lineages and Niches Promote Epithelial Self-Renewal and Myofibrogenesis in the Lung
Open accessAbstract
The lung is an architecturally complex organ comprising a heterogeneous mixture of various epithelial and mesenchymal lineages. We use single-cell RNA sequencing and signaling lineage reporters to generate a spatial and transcriptional map of the lung mesenchyme. We find that each mesenchymal lineage has a distinct spatial address and transcriptional profile leading to unique niche regulatory functions. The mesenchymal alveolar niche cell is Wnt responsive, expresses Pdgfrα, and is critical for alveolar epithelial cell growth and self-renewal. In contrast, the Axin2+ myofibrogenic progenitor cell preferentially generates pathologically deleterious myofibroblasts after injury. Analysis of the secretome and receptome of the alveolar niche reveals functional pathways that mediate growth and self-renewal of alveolar type 2 progenitor cells, including IL-6/Stat3, Bmp, and Fgf signaling. These studies define the cellular and molecular framework of lung mesenchymal niches and reveal the functional importance of developmental pathways in promoting self-renewal versus a pathological response to tissue injury.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A distinct, novel population of profibrotic alveolar macrophages is restricted to patients with fibrosis and had previously been identified in mice.
“identified a distinct, novel population of profibrotic alveolar macrophages restricted to patients with fibrosis which had previously been identified in mice5,6.”
From Fibrosis: from mechanisms to medicines (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
Ligand-receptor pair labels can be obtained from the recent CellPhoneDB and used to interpret the highly expressed genes across clusters using statistical models.
“Ligand–receptor pair labels can be obtained from the recent CellPhoneDB (Vento‐Tormo et al, 2018) and used to interpret the highly expressed genes across clusters using statistical models (Zepp et al, 2017; Zhou et al, 2017; Cohen et al, 2018; Vento‐Tormo et al, 2018).”
From Current best practices in single-cell RNA-seq analysis: a tutorial (2019) · cites this paper as Zepp et al, 2017
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner
Dobin, A., Davis, C. A., Schlesinger, F., Drenkow, J., Zaleski, C., Jha, S., Batut, P., Chaisson, M., & Gingeras, T. R. (2013) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bts635 · Cited by 51,709 · see citing works
voom: precision weights unlock linear model analysis tools for RNA-seq read counts
Law, C. W., Chen, Y., Shi, W., & Smyth, G. K. (2014) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2014-15-2-r29 · Cited by 6,155 · see citing works
ToppGene Suite for gene list enrichment analysis and candidate gene prioritization
Chen, J., Bardes, E. E., Aronow, B. J., & Jegga, A. G. (2009) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkp427 · Cited by 2,952 · see citing works
Stromal Elements Act to Restrain, Rather Than Support, Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Rhim, A. D., Oberstein, P. E., Thomas, D. H., Mirek, E. T., Palermo, C. F., Sastra, S. A., Dekleva, E. N., Saunders, T., Becerra, C. P., Tattersall, I. W., et al. (2014) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2014.04.021 · Cited by 2,085 · see citing works
Type 2 alveolar cells are stem cells in adult lung
Barkauskas, C. E., Cronce, M. J., Rackley, C. R., Bowie, E. J., Keene, D. R., Stripp, B. R., Randell, S. H., Noble, P. W., & Hogan, B. L. M. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci68782 · Cited by 1,776 · see citing works
Intestinal polyposis in mice with a dominant stable mutation of the β‐catenin gene
Harada, N., Tamai, Y., Ishikawa, T., Sauer, B., Takaku, K., Oshima, M., & Taketo, M. M. (1999) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/18.21.5931 · Cited by 1,198 · see citing works
Alveolar progenitor and stem cells in lung development, renewal and cancer
Desai, T., Brownfield, D., & Krasnow, M. A. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12930 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Rock, J. R., Barkauskas, C. E., Cronce, M. J., Xue, Y., Harris, J. R., Liang, J., Noble, P. W., & Hogan, B. L. M. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1117988108 · Cited by 1,033 · see citing works
A draft network of ligand–receptor-mediated multicellular signalling in human
Ramilowski, J. A., Goldberg, T., Harshbarger, J., Kloppmann, E., Lizio, M., Satagopam, V. P., Itoh, M., Kawaji, H., Carninci, P., Rost, B., et al. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms8866 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
Aberrant Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway Activation in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Chilosi, M., Poletti, V., Zamò, A., Lestani, M., Montagna, L., Piccoli, P., Pedron, S., Bertaso, M., Scarpa, A., Murer, B., et al. (2003) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64282-4 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Functional Wnt Signaling Is Increased in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Königshoff, M., Balsara, N., Pfaff, E.-M., Kramer, M., Chrobak, I., Seeger, W., & Eickelberg, O. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002142 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Bmp4 and Fgf10 play opposing roles during lung bud morphogenesis
Weaver, M., Dunn, N. R., & Hogan, B. L. M. (2000) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.127.12.2695 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Bellusci, S., Henderson, R., Winnier, G. E., Oikawa, T., & Hogan, B. L. M. (1996) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.122.6.1693 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
The pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice.
Adamson, I. Y. R., & Bowden, D. H. (1974) · PubMed · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Evolutionary Divergence of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Alpha Receptor Signaling Mechanisms
Hamilton, T., Klinghoffer, R. A., Corrin, P. D., & Soriano, P. M. (2003) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.23.11.4013-4025.2003 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Chapman, H. A., Li, X., Alexander, J. P., Brumwell, A. N., Lorizio, W., Tan, K., Sonnenberg, A., Wei, Y., & Vu, T. H. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci57673 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Anatomically and Functionally Distinct Lung Mesenchymal Populations Marked by Lgr5 and Lgr6
Lee, J., Tammela, T., Hofree, M., Choi, J., Marjanovic, N. D., Han, S., Canner, D. A., Wu, K., Paschini, M., Bhang, D. H., et al. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.028 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Bmp signaling regulates proximal-distal differentiation of endoderm in mouse lung development
Weaver, M., Yingling, J. M., Dunn, N. R., Bellusci, S., & Hogan, B. L. M. (1999) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.126.18.4005 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Choi, Y. S., Zhang, Y., Xu, M., Yang, Y., Ito, M., Peng, T., Cui, Z., Nagy, A., Hadjantonakis, A., Lang, R. A., et al. (2013) · Cell stem cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2013.10.003 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Self-citationPanos, R. J., Rubin, J. S., Csaky, K. G., et al. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci116673 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Liang, J., Zhang, Y., Xie, T., Liu, N., Chen, H., Geng, Y., Kurkciyan, A., Mena, J. M., Stripp, B. R., Jiang, D., et al. (2016) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4192 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Frank, D. B., Peng, T., Zepp, J. A., Snitow, M. E., Vincent, T. L., Penkala, I. J., Cui, Z., Herriges, M. J., Morley, M. P., Zhou, S., et al. (2016) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.001 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citationCao, Z., Lis, R., Ginsberg, M., Chavez, D., Shido, K., Rabbany, S., Fong, G., Sakmar, T., Rafii, S., & Ding, B. (2016) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.4035 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Volckaert, T., Dill, E. A., Campbell, A., Tiozzo, C., Majka, S. M., Bellusci, S., & Langhe, S. D. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci58097 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Coordination of heart and lung co-development by a multipotent cardiopulmonary progenitor
Peng, T., Tian, Y., Boogerd, C. J. J., Lu, M. M., Kadzik, R. S., Stewart, K. M., Evans, S. Μ., & Morrisey, E. E. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12358 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Self-citationNotch3 establishes brain vascular integrity by regulating pericyte number
Wang, Y., Pan, L., Moens, C. B., & Appel, B. (2013) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.096107 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Hedgehog actively maintains adult lung quiescence and regulates repair and regeneration
Peng, T., Frank, D. B., Kadzik, R. S., Morley, M. P., Rathi, K. S., Wang, T., Zhou, S., Cheng, L., Lu, M. M., & Morrisey, E. E. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14984 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citationA Novel Genomic Signature with Translational Significance for Human Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Bauer, Y., Tedrow, J., de Bernard, S., Birker-Robaczewska, M., Gibson, K. F., Guardela, B. J., Hess, P., Klenk, A., Lindell, K. O., Poirey, S., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1165/rcmb.2013-0310oc · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Keratinocyte Growth Factor Reduces Lung Damage Due to Acid Instillation in Rats
Yano, T., Deterding, R. R., Simonet, W. S., et al. (1996) · American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1165/ajrcmb.15.4.8879176 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Chang, A. C. Y., Fu, Y., Garside, V. C., Niessen, K. S., Chang, L., Fuller, M. E., Setiadi, A., Smrz, J., Kyle, A. H., Minchinton, A. I., et al. (2011) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2011.06.022 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Nebulette: A 107 kD nebulin‐like protein in cardiac muscle
Moncman, C. L., & Wang, K. (1995) · Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton · doi:10.1002/cm.970320305 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Progress Toward Improving Animal Models for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Degryse, A. L., & Lawson, W. E. (2011) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/maj.0b013e31821aa000 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Eblaghie, M. C., Reedy, M. C., Oliver, T., Mishina, Y. M., & Hogan, B. L. M. (2006) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.12.006 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Peeters, M.-J. T. F. D. V., Groot, A. C. G., Mentink, M. M. T., Hungerford, J. E., Little, C. D., & Poelmann, R. E. (1997) · Developmental Dynamics · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(199703)208:3 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Flozak, A. S., Lam, A. P., Russell, S., Jain, M., Peled, O. N., Sheppard, K. A., Beri, R., Mutlu, G. M., Budinger, G. R. S., & Gottardi, C. J. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.070326 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Tian, Y., Morley, M. P., Lu, M. M., DeMayo, F. J., Olson, E. N., & Morrisey, E. E. (2013) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2013.01.012 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationCytoskeletal features of alveolar myofibroblasts and pericytes in normal human and rat lung.
Kapançi, Y., Ribaux, C., Chaponnier, C., & Gabbiani, G. (1992) · Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry · doi:10.1177/40.12.1333502 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Hsia, L.-T., Ashley, N., Ouaret, D., Wang, L. M., Wilding, J. L., & Bodmer, W. F. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1603534113 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Alam, D. A., Green, M. J., Irani, R. T., Parsa, S., Danopoulos, S., Sala, F. G., Branch, J. R., Agha, E. E., Tiozzo, C., Voswinckel, R., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023139 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Activation of Type II Cells into Regenerative Stem Cell Antigen-1+ Cells during Alveolar Repair
Liu, Y., Kumar, V. S., Zhang, W., Rehman, J., & Malik, A. B. (2014) · American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1165/rcmb.2013-0497oc · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Volckaert, T., Campbell, A., & Langhe, S. D. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071426 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wnt/β-catenin signalling: function, biological mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities
Liu, J., Xiao, Q., Xiao, J., Niu, C., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Zhou, Z., Shu, G., & Yin, G. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00762-6 · Cited by 2,519 · see citing works
NicheNet: Modeling intercellular communication by linking ligands to target genes
Browaeys, R., Saelens, W., & Saeys, Y. (2020) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-019-0667-5 · Cited by 2,192 · see citing works
Current best practices in single-cell RNA-seq analysis: a tutorial
Luecken, M. D., & Theis, F. J. (2019) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.15252/msb.20188746 · Cited by 2,231 · see citing works
Fibrosis: from mechanisms to medicines
Henderson, N. C., Rieder, F., & Wynn, T. A. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2938-9 · Cited by 1,868 · see citing works
A revised airway epithelial hierarchy includes CFTR-expressing ionocytes
Montoro, D. T., Haber, A. L., Biton, M., Vinarsky, V., Lin, B., Birket, S. E., Yuan, F., Chen, S., Leung, H. M., Villoria, J., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0393-7 · Cited by 1,206 · see citing works
Deciphering cell–cell interactions and communication from gene expression
Armingol, E., Officer, A., Harismendy, O., & Lewis, N. E. (2021) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-020-00292-x · Cited by 1,267 · see citing works
Reyfman, P. A., Walter, J. M., Joshi, N., Anekalla, K. R., McQuattie-Pimentel, A. C., Chiu, S., Fernandez, R., Akbarpour, M., Chen, C.-I., Ren, Z., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201712-2410oc · Cited by 1,203 · see citing works
Tsukui, T., Sun, K.-H., Wetter, J. B., Wilson-Kanamori, J. R., Hazelwood, L. A., Henderson, N. C., Adams, T. S., Schupp, J. C., Poli, S. D., Rosas, I. O., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15647-5 · Cited by 765 · see citing works
Kobayashi, Y., Tata, A., Konkimalla, A., Katsura, H., Lee, R. F., Ou, J., Banovich, N. E., Kropski, J. A., & Tata, P. R. (2020) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41556-020-0542-8 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Targeting fibrosis: mechanisms and clinical trials
Zhao, M., Wang, L., Wang, M., Zhou, S., Lu, Y., Cui, H., Racanelli, A. C., Zhang, L., Ye, T., Ding, B., et al. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01070-3 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Self-citationSingle-cell transcriptomics uncovers zonation of function in the mesenchyme during liver fibrosis
Dobie, R., Wilson-Kanamori, J. R., Henderson, B. E. P., Smith, J. R., Matchett, K. P., Portman, J. R., Wallenborg, K., Picelli, S., Zagorska, A., Pendem, S. V., et al. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.024 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
The big five in fibrosis: Macrophages, myofibroblasts, matrix, mechanics, and miscommunication
Pakshir, P., & Hinz, B. (2018) · Matrix Biology · doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.019 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Pakshir, P., Noskovicova, N., Lodyga, M., Son, D. O., Schuster, R., Goodwin, A., Karvonen, H., & Hinz, B. (2020) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.227900 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
The Human Lung Cell Atlas: A High-Resolution Reference Map of the Human Lung in Health and Disease
Schiller, H. B., Montoro, D. T., Simon, L. M., Rawlins, E. L., Meyer, K. B., Strunz, M., Vieira Braga, F. A., Timens, W., Koppelman, G. H., Budinger, G. R. S., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1165/rcmb.2018-0416tr · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Defining the Activated Fibroblast Population in Lung Fibrosis Using Single-Cell Sequencing
Peyser, R., MacDonnell, S., Gao, Y., Cheng, L., Kim, Y., Kaplan, T., Ruan, Q., Wei, Y., Ni, M., Adler, C., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1165/rcmb.2018-0313oc · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Scott, R. W., Arostegui, M., Schweitzer, R., Rossi, F. M. V., & Underhill, T. M. (2019) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2019.11.004 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Wnt4 from the Niche Controls the Mechano-Properties and Quiescent State of Muscle Stem Cells
Eliazer, S., Muncie, J. M., Christensen, J., Sun, X., D’Urso, R. S., Weaver, V. M., & Brack, A. S. (2019) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2019.08.007 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“Recent studies have disrupted Wnt activity using Porcupine (Porcn) or Wntless loss of function alleles in different tissues to disrupt the processing of the Wnt ligand family (Nabhan et al., 2018; Tammela et al., 2017; Zepp et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSingle-Cell Genomics: A Stepping Stone for Future Immunology Discoveries
Giladi, A., & Amit, I. (2018) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.011 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
The perivascular origin of pathological fibroblasts
Di Carlo, S. E., & Peduto, L. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci93558 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Multipotent stromal cells: One name, multiple identities
Soliman, H., Theret, M., Scott, W., Hill, L., Underhill, T. M., Hinz, B., & Rossi, F. M. V. (2021) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2021.09.001 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Matrix biomechanics and dynamics in pulmonary fibrosis
Haak, A. J., Tan, Q., & Tschumperlin, D. J. (2018) · Matrix Biology · doi:10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.004 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Regulation of the alveolar regenerative niche by amphiregulin-producing regulatory T cells
Kaiser, K. A., Loffredo, L. F., Santos-Alexis, K. D. L., Ringham, O. R., & Arpaia, N. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20221462 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Exploring single cells in space and time during tissue development, homeostasis and regeneration
Mayr, U., Serra, D., & Liberali, P. (2019) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.176727 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Güneş, A., Gürgen, D. G., Kaplan, A. A., Özdemir, İ., & Keskin, İ. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-45215-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Zepp, J. A., Zacharias, W. J., Frank, D. B., Cavanaugh, C. A., Zhou, S., Morley, M. P., & Morrisey, E. E.
- Affiliations
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Morrisey, Edward E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 170
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1134-1148.e10
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5718193
- OpenAlex
- W2751524454
- Cited by
- 567
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 41.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH (R01-HL132999, R01-HL132349, R01-HL087825, U01-HL134745, U01-HL110942, T32-HL007843, T32-HL007586, T32-HL007915, K12-HD043245)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Neonatal Respiratory Health Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Interstitial Lung Diseases and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Keywords
- lung mesenchyme, mesenchymal lineage, myofibroblasts, Wnt signaling, PDGFRA, Axin2, IL-6/STAT3 signaling, BMP signaling, FGF signaling, lung injury, secretome, single-cell RNA sequencing, lineage tracing
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Animals, Epithelial Cells, Fibrosis, Lung, Mesoderm, Organoids, Regeneration, Stem Cells, Signal Transduction, Paracrine Communication, Gene Expression Profiling, Mice, Lung Injury, Single-Cell Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
