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Cited by 897SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchCOVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesAnimal Virus Infections Studies

SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and P.1 escape from neutralizing antibodies

Open access
Hoffmann, Markus, Arora, Prerna, Groß, Rüdiger, Seidel, Alina, Hörnich, Bojan F., Hahn, Alexander S., Krüger, Nadine, Graichen, Luise +11 more·2021·Cell
DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.036PMC PMC7980144

Published version of a preprint

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Abstract

The global spread of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 is devastating health systems and economies worldwide. Recombinant or vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies are used to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 (UK), B.1.351 (South Africa), and P.1 (Brazil) harbor mutations in the viral spike (S) protein that may alter virus-host cell interactions and confer resistance to inhibitors and antibodies. Here, using pseudoparticles, we show that entry of all variants into human cells is susceptible to blockade by the entry inhibitors soluble ACE2, Camostat, EK-1, and EK-1-C4. In contrast, entry of the B.1.351 and P.1 variant was partially (Casirivimab) or fully (Bamlanivimab) resistant to antibodies used for COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, entry of these variants was less efficiently inhibited by plasma from convalescent COVID-19 patients and sera from BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals. These results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 may escape neutralizing antibody responses, which has important implications for efforts to contain the pandemic.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.036

Cites

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 20 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Entry of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 into human cells is susceptible to blockade by soluble ACE2, Camostat, EK-1, and EK-1-C4.

    “Here, using pseudoparticles, we show that entry of all variants into human cells is susceptible to blockade by the entry inhibitors soluble ACE2, Camostat, EK-1, and EK-1-C4.”
    • Also stated in: § Soluble ACE2, TMPRSS2 inhibitors, and membrane fusion inhibitors block entry · plain
      “All inhibitors were found to be active, although entry mediated by the S proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 variants was slightly less sensitive to blockade by sACE2 as compared to WT S protein (Figure 5 ).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Entry driven by B.1.351 and P.1 S proteins is less efficiently inhibited by convalescent COVID-19 plasma and BNT162b2-vaccinated sera than WT.

    “Moreover, entry of these variants was less efficiently inhibited by plasma from convalescent COVID-19 patients and sera from BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals.”
    • Also stated in: § Reduced neutralization by plasma from convalescent patients · plain
      “In contrast, seven out of nine plasma samples inhibited entry driven by the S proteins of the B.1.351 and P.1 variants less efficiently as compared to entry driven by WT S protein.”
    • Also stated in: § Reduced neutralization by sera from BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals · plain
      “In contrast, 12 out of 15 sera showed a markedly reduced inhibition of entry driven by the S proteins of the B.1.351 and P.1 variants (Figure 7B), although it should be stated that all sera completely inhibited entry at the lowest dilution tested.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    S proteins of B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 mediate robust entry into human cell lines.

    “All S proteins studied were robustly expressed and mediated formation of syncytia in transfected cells (Figure 2 A). Entry into all cell lines was readily detectable (Figure 2B; Figure S1B).”
    • Also stated in: § The S proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 variants mediate robust entry into human cell lines · plain
      “The S proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 variants mediate robust entry into cell lines.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    S proteins of B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 mediate cell-cell fusion with human cells with similar (B.1.1.7) or slightly reduced (B.1.351 and P.1) efficiency compared to WT.

    “Finally, the S proteins of all SARS-CoV-2 variants tested facilitated cell-cell fusion with similar (B.1.1.7) or slightly reduced (B.1.351 and P.1) efficiency as compared to WT S protein (Figures 3A and 3B).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Imdevimab comparably inhibited entry driven by S proteins of all variants.

    “Entry driven by the S proteins of all variants was comparably inhibited by Imdevimab, while entry driven by the S proteins of the B.1.351 and P.1 variants was partially resistant against Casirivimab (Figure 6 ).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 12
  • May combine two claims. 19

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    SARS-CoV S protein fails to mediate fusion with target cells expressing only ACE2 but efficiently drives fusion with cells coexpressing ACE2 and TMPRSS2.

    “The SARS-CoV S protein failed to mediate fusion with target cells expressing only ACE2 but efficiently drove fusion with cells coexpressing ACE2 and TMPRSS2 (Figures 3A and 3B), as expected (Hoffmann et al., 2020a).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hoffmann et al., 2020a

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Entry driven by B.1.351 and P.1 S proteins is partially resistant to Casirivimab and fully resistant to Bamlanivimab.

    “In contrast, entry of the B.1.351 and P.1 variant was partially (Casirivimab) or fully (Bamlanivimab) resistant to antibodies used for COVID-19 treatment.”
    • Also stated in: § Resistance against antibodies used for COVID-19 treatment · plain
      “Finally, entry mediated by the S proteins of the B.1.351 and P.1 variant was completely resistant to REGN10989 and Bamlanivimab, while the S protein of the B.1.1.7 variant was efficiently blocked by all antibodies tested (Figure 6).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Entry efficiency increased with time available for particle adsorption, with no differences between WT and variant S proteins.

    “Entry efficiency increased with the time available for particle adsorption to cells, but no differences were observed between particles bearing WT S protein or S protein from SARS-CoV-2 variants (Figure 4B).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Twelve out of fifteen BNT162b2-vaccinated sera showed markedly reduced inhibition of B.1.351 and P.1 S protein-driven entry, although all sera completely inhibited entry at the lowest dilution tested.

    “In contrast, 12 out of 15 sera showed a markedly reduced inhibition of entry driven by the S proteins of the B.1.351 and P.1 variants (Figure 7B), although it should be stated that all sera completely inhibited entry at the lowest dilution tested.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Particles bearing variant S proteins entered 293T (P.1) and 293T-ACE2 (B.1.351 and P.1) cells with slightly reduced efficiency compared to WT, while B.1.351 entered Calu-3 cells with slightly increased efficiency; no significant differences were observed for remaining cell lines.

    “Particles bearing the S proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 variants entered 293T (P.1) and 293T-ACE2 (B.1.351 and P.1) cells with slightly reduced efficiency as compared to particles bearing WT S protein, while the reverse observation was made for Calu-3 cells (B.1.351). For the remaining cell lines, no significant differences in entry efficiency were observed (Figure 2B).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Incubation of S protein-bearing particles at 33°C for more than 8 h markedly decreased cell entry efficiency, with no appreciable differences between WT and variant S proteins.

    “The efficiency of cell entry markedly decreased upon incubation of particles at 33°C for more than 8 h, but no appreciable differences were observed between particles bearing S proteins from SARS-CoV-2 WT or variants (Figure 4 A).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Entry mediated by B.1.351 and P.1 S proteins was completely resistant to REGN10989 and Bamlanivimab, while B.1.1.7 was efficiently blocked by all antibodies tested.

    “Finally, entry mediated by the S proteins of the B.1.351 and P.1 variant was completely resistant to REGN10989 and Bamlanivimab, while the S protein of the B.1.1.7 variant was efficiently blocked by all antibodies tested (Figure 6).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    All plasma samples with known neutralizing activity efficiently reduced WT S protein-driven entry, while control plasma was inactive.

    “All plasma samples with known neutralizing activity (ID15, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 33, 51) efficiently reduced entry driven by WT S protein, while the control plasma (ID16) was inactive (Figure 7 A; Figure S3 ).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Entry mediated by variant S proteins was slightly less sensitive to blockade by sACE2 compared to WT; P.1 entry was slightly more sensitive to EK-1 and EK-1-C4.

    “All inhibitors were found to be active, although entry mediated by the S proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 variants was slightly less sensitive to blockade by sACE2 as compared to WT S protein (Figure 5 ). In addition, entry driven by the S protein of the P.1 variant was slightly more sensitive to blockade by EK-1 and EK-1-C4 as compared to the other S proteins tested (Figure 5).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    SARS-CoV-2 S protein mediates efficient membrane fusion in the absence of TMPRSS2 expression in target cells.

    “In contrast, the SARS-CoV-2 S protein mediated efficient membrane fusion in the absence of TMPRSS2 expression in target cells (Figures 3A and 3B), again in keeping with expectations (Hoffmann et al., 2020a).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hoffmann et al., 2020a

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    All BNT162b2-vaccinated sera efficiently inhibited WT S protein-driven entry, and inhibition of B.1.1.7 was only slightly reduced.

    “All sera efficiently inhibited entry driven by the WT S protein and inhibition of entry driven by the S protein of the B.1.1.7 variant was only slightly reduced (Figure 7B; Figure S3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Single antibodies with EUA might provide incomplete (Casirivimab) or no (Bamlanivimab) protection against B.1.351 and P.1.

    “Collectively, these data indicate that single antibodies with EUA might provide incomplete (Casirivimab) or no (Bamlanivimab) protection against the B.1.351 and P.1 variants.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The cell lines used in this study were routinely tested for mycoplasma contamination.

    “Further, cell lines were routinely tested for contamination by mycoplasma.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    T cell responses will contribute to control of SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in re-infected convalescent patients.

    “It should be noted that all plasma and sera tested completely inhibited entry at the lowest dilution tested and that T cell responses will contribute to control of SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in re-infected convalescent patients (Grifoni et al., 2020; Peng et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Grifoni et al., 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Peng et al., 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Combining Casirivimab and Imdevimab restored efficient inhibition, suggesting REGN-COV2 should be suitable for treatment of patients infected with B.1.351 or P.1.

    “Combining Casirivimab and Imdevimab (REGN10987) within an antibody cocktail with EUA (REGN-COV2) restored efficient inhibition, suggesting that REGN-COV2 should be suitable for treatment of patients infected with variant B.1.351 or P.1.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Host cell entry depends on S protein binding to ACE2 and S protein priming by TMPRSS2.

    “Host cell entry depends on S protein binding to the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and S protein priming by the cellular serine protease TMPRSS2 (Hoffmann et al., 2020b; Zhou et al., 2020), and these processes can be disrupted by soluble ACE2 and serine protease inhibitors (Hoffmann et al., 2020b; Monteil et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Hoffmann et al., 2020b

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Zhou et al., 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Collection of plasma samples from COVID-19 patients treated at the intensive care unit was approved by the Ethics committee of the University Medicine Göttingen (SeptImmun Study 25/4/19 Ü).

    “Collection of plasma samples from COVID-19 patients treated at the intensive care unit was approved by the Ethic committee of the University Medicine Göttingen (SeptImmun Study 25/4/19 Ü).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The vaccine BNT162b2 is based on mRNA encoding S protein and is highly protective against COVID-19.

    “The vaccine BNT162b2 is based on an mRNA that encodes for the viral S protein and is highly protective against COVID-19 (Polack et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Polack et al., 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study was approved by the Ethics committee of Ulm University (vote 31/21 - FSt/Sta).

    “The study was approved by the Ethic committee of Ulm university (vote 31/21 – FSt/Sta).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The interface between the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 exhibits high plasticity, favoring emergence of escape variants.

    “On a more general level, our findings suggest that the interface between the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and ACE2 exhibits high plasticity, favoring emergence of escape variants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The study's results await formal confirmation with authentic virus.

    “Although this surrogate model is believed to faithfully mimic cell entry of SARS-CoV-2, our results await formal confirmation with authentic virus.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    B.1.351 and P.1 variants might be able to spread in convalescent patients or BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals and thus constitute an elevated threat to human health.

    “In contrast, our findings indicate that the B.1.351 and P.1 variants might be able to spread in convalescent patients or BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals and thus constitute an elevated threat to human health.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The presented data are either from a single representative experiment with technical triplicates or quadruplicates that was confirmed in at least one additional biological replicate, or are mean data from three or four biological replicates with technical triplicates or quadruplicates.

    “The presented data either show (i) results from single representative experiment (conducted with technical triplicates or quadruplicates) that were confirmed in at least one additional biological replicate or (ii) average (mean) data from three or four biological replicates (conducted with technical triplicates or quadruplicates).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The VSV pseudotype system faithfully mimics key aspects of SARS-CoV-2 entry, including ACE2 engagement, TMPRSS2 priming, and antibody-mediated neutralization.

    “This system faithfully mimics key aspects of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells, including ACE2 engagement, priming of the S protein by TMPRSS2, and antibody-mediated neutralization (Hoffmann et al., 2020b; Riepler et al., 2020; Schmidt et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Hoffmann et al., 2020b

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Riepler et al., 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Schmidt et al., 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The sequence integrity of the generated expression constructs was verified by sequencing through a commercial sequencing service.

    “Sequence integrity was verified by sequencing using a commercial sequencing service (Microsynth Seqlab).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The cell lines used in this study were authenticated by STR-typing, by amplification and sequencing of a cytochrome c oxidase gene fragment, by microscopic examination and/or by their growth characteristics.

    “Authentication of cell lines was performed by STR-typing, amplification and sequencing of a fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase gene, microscopic examination and/or according to their growth characteristics.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    SARS-CoV-2 infection can induce production of neutralizing antibodies, and these antibodies are believed to contribute to protection from reinfection.

    “SARS-CoV-2 infection can induce the production of neutralizing antibodies, and these antibodies are believed to contribute to protection from reinfection (Rodda et al., 2020; Wajnberg et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Rodda et al., 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Wajnberg et al., 2020 source

      Not checked in the free run.

27 of 27

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    All cell lines tested express endogenous ACE2.

    “All cell lines tested express endogenous ACE2.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    It is largely unclear how the mutations in the S proteins of B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 impact host cell interactions and susceptibility to entry inhibitors and antibody-mediated neutralization.

    “However, it is largely unclear how the mutations present in the S proteins of B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 impact host cell interactions and susceptibility to entry inhibitors and antibody-mediated neutralization.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants in Germany was very limited at the time of sample collection, so serum antibodies were induced by WT infection.

    “Spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants in Germany was very limited at the time of sample collection, indicating that serum antibodies were induced in response to SARS-CoV-2 WT infection.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Efficient protection from COVID-19 is believed to require induction of neutralizing antibodies.

    “While the S protein harbors T cell epitopes (Grifoni et al., 2020; Peng et al., 2020), efficient protection is believed to require the induction of neutralizing antibodies.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    It is largely unclear whether antibody responses in convalescent patients protect against re-infection with the new variants.

    “Similarly, it is largely unclear whether antibody responses in convalescent patients protect against re-infection with the new variants.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Neutralizing antibody responses are believed to contribute to protection of convalescent COVID-19 patients against reinfection and disease.

    “Similarly, neutralizing antibody responses are believed to contribute to protection of convalescent COVID-19 patients against reinfection and disease.”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Previous studies have demonstrated a similar, less pronounced, decrease in neutralization by polyclonal sera after BNT162b2 vaccination against P.1.

    “Although this variant was not investigated in the current study, previous studies have demonstrated a similar, less pronounced, decrease in neutralization by polyclonal sera after BNT162b2 vaccination (47, 77).”

    From SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern partially escape humoral but not T cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent donors and vaccine recipients (2021) · cites this paper as [77]

  • The resistance profile of the Gamma variant to the FDA EUA-approved mAbs is similar to that of the Beta variant.

    “The resistance profile of the Gamma vari ant to the FDA EUA-approved mAbs is similar to that of the Beta variant 103,109,217,227,228 (TABLe 1).”

    From The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants (2021) · cites this paper as [217]

  • Most prior studies evaluated sera from vaccinated individuals soon after the first or second dose and had limited data on the durability of such responses.

    “Most of these prior studies have evaluated sera from vaccinated individuals at time points soon after the first or second dose and have had limited data on the durability of such responses.”

    From Durability of mRNA-1273 vaccine–induced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants (2021) · cites this paper as [3]

  • B.1.351 was the most resistant to neutralization by convalescent or vaccinee sera, with 6- to 15-fold less neutralization activity for sera from individuals immunized with vaccines based on the WA1 strain.

    “In multiple studies, B.1.351 was the most resistant to neutralization by convalescent or vaccinee sera, with 6- to 15-fold less neutralization activity for sera from individuals immunized with vaccines based on the virus strain first described in January 2020 (Wuhan-Hu-1, spike also called WA1) (2–9).”

    From Durability of mRNA-1273 vaccine–induced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants (2021) · cites this paper as [3]

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References 60 · Cited by 897

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Liu, 2021, Neutralizing Activity of BNT162b2-Elicited Serum - Preliminary Report, N. Engl. J. Med., 10.1056/NEJMc2102017 · DOI · Paper page

Authors
Hoffmann, M., Arora, P., Groß, R., Seidel, A., Hörnich, B. F., Hahn, A. S., Krüger, N., Graichen, L., Hofmann-Winkler, H., Kempf, A., Winkler, M. S., Schulz, S., Jäck, H.-M., Jahrsdörfer, B., Schrezenmeier, H., Müller, M., Kleger, A., Münch, J., & Pöhlmann, S.
Affiliations
  • German Primate Center (DE)
  • Universität Ulm (DE)
  • Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (DE)
  • Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
  • University Hospital Ulm (DE)
Corresponding author
  • Hoffmann, Markus
  • Pöhlmann, Stefan
ORCID
Venue
Cell
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-04
Volume
184
Issue
9
Pages
2384-2393.e12
ISSN
0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.036
PMC
PMC7980144
OpenAlex
W3138734145
Cited by
897
References
60
Citations by year
2026: 20 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 114 · 2022: 325 · 2021: 344 · 2020: 2
FWCI
66.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Cell (publishedVersion)
  • bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Lower Saxony State Ministry of Science and Culture
  • Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaft und Technologie (Combi-CoV-2)
  • Horizon 2020 (101003555)
  • Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01KI1723D, PO 716/11-1, 01KI20328A, 01KX2021, PO 716/14-1, 01KI2006D, 01KI2074A, SARS_S1S2 01KI20396)
  • BMBF Berlin
  • European Commission
  • Bayerische Forschungsstiftung
  • Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst
  • Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (HA 6013/6 - 1, 316249678 \u2013 SFB 1279, KL 2544/6-1)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
Keywords
SARS-CoV-2, B.1.351 variant, P.1 variant, spike protein mutations, neutralizing antibodies, antibody escape, viral entry inhibitors, soluble ACE2, camostat, casirivimab, BNT162b2, convalescent plasma, COVID-19 treatment, pseudoparticles
MeSH terms
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Serotherapy, Animals, Antibodies, Viral, Cell Line, Humans, Immunization, Passive, Kinetics, Membrane Fusion, Models, Molecular, Neutralization Tests, Serine Endopeptidases, Solubility, Vaccination, Drug Resistance, Viral, Virus Internalization, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus

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