Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 pseudovirus by BNT162b2 vaccine–elicited human sera
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Abstract
Vaccine protects against B1.1.7 variant: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B1.1.7 (VOC 202012/01) variant that emerged in late 2020 in the United Kingdom has many changes in the spike protein gene. Three of these are associated with enhanced infectivity and transmissibility, and there are concerns that B.1.1.7 might compromise the effectiveness of the vaccine. Muik et al. compared the neutralization efficacy of sera from 40 subjects immunized with the BioNTech-Pfizer mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 against a pseudovirus bearing the Wuhan reference strain or the lineage B.1.1.7 spike protein (see the Perspective by Altmann et al. ). Serum was derived from 40 subjects in two age groups 21 days after the booster shot. The vaccine remained effective against B.1.1.7 with a slight but significant decrease in neutralization that was more apparent in participants under 55 years of age. Thus, the vaccine provides a significant “cushion” of protection against this variant. Science , this issue p. 1152 ; see also p. 1103
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Together with reports of preserved neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 with key B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 spike mutations and of pseudovirus with the full B.1.1.7 spike mutation set, our data indicate broad BNT162b2-elicited immune recognition.
“Together with recent reports of the preserved neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 with key S mutations found in the B.1.1.7 and the B.1.351lineage 39,40 , and neutralization of pseudovirus bearing the full set of mutations of B.1.1.7 S 41 , our data indicate broad BNT162b2-elicited immune recognition 2,13,14 .”
From BNT162b2 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies and poly-specific T cells in humans (2021) · cites this paper as [39]
Neutralizing activity of mRNA vaccines against B.1.351 was lower by a factor of 8.6 for mRNA-1273 and 6.5 for BNT-162b2 than against D614G, with no difference against B.1.1.7-like mutant.
“Neutralizing activity of the two mRNA vaccines against the B.1.351 variant has also been observed to be lower, by a factor of 8.6 (mRNA-1273 vaccine [Moderna]) or 6.5 (BNT-162b2 vaccine [Pfizer]) on pseudovirus neutralization assay, than activity against the D614G virus, whereas no difference was evident against the N510Y.V1 (B.1.1.7)–like mutant.19,28,29”
From Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
Neutralizing activity of vaccinee sera against B.1.1.7 is largely intact, and no adverse effects on current vaccines are expected.
“As for the ramifications of our findings for the protective efficacy of current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the neutralizing activity of sera from vaccinated individuals against B.1.1.7 is largely intact and no adverse effects on current vaccines are expected (Fig. 4c), consistent with conclusions that were reached by other studies 34,40,41 .”
From Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7 (2021) · cites this paper as [41]
The impact of B.1.1.7 mutations on neutralizing antibody titers is moderate.
“In general, the impact of B.1.1.7 mutations on neutralizing antibody titers is moderate.15, 16, 17, 18,20,24”
From Impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on the total CD4+ and CD8+ T cell reactivity in infected or vaccinated individuals (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
Pseudoparticles bearing B.1.1.7 S protein are efficiently neutralized by sera from BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals.
“Our finding that entry driven by the S protein of the B.1.1.7 variant can be efficiently inhibited by antibodies induced upon infection and vaccination is in agreement with those of Muik and colleagues, who reported that pseudoparticles bearing the B.1.1.7 S protein are efficiently neutralized by sera from BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals (Muik et al., 2021).”
From SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and P.1 escape from neutralizing antibodies (2021) · cites this paper as Muik et al., 2021
Pfizer Cominarty vaccine-elicited human sera neutralize SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 pseudovirus, with slightly reduced titers in some vaccinees compared with the Wuhan reference strain.
“The Pfizer Cominarty (also termed BNT162b2) vaccine-elicited human sera neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 pseudovirus, with slightly reduced titers in some vaccinees, when compared to the Wuhan reference strain 26,27 .”
From Sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants to neutralizing antibodies (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
BNT162b2 elicits strong antibody responses that effectively neutralize the parental strain and diverse SARS-CoV-2 VOCs.
“and to elicit strong antibody responses, effectively neutralizing the parental strain as well as diverse SARS-CoV-2 VOCs (13–15).”
From Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron by BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine–elicited human sera (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
Neutralization activity of sera from both mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 vaccinated individuals was largely preserved against the B.1.1.7 variant relative to prior variants.
“The neutralization activity of sera collected from both mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 vaccinated individuals was largely preserved against the B.1.1.7 variant relative to prior variants.”
From The dawn of mRNA vaccines: the COVID-19 case (2021) · cites this paper as [77]
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SARS-COV-2 Variants: Differences and Potential of Immune Evasion
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“, 2021) and the immune response generated by mAbs, vaccines, or previous infection (Muik et al., 2021; Focosi and Maggi, 2021).”
BackgroundEmerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and potential intervention approaches
Khateeb, J., Li, Y., & Zhang, H. (2021) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-021-03662-x · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“Studies suggest that BNT162b2 vaccines were able to stimulate the recipients to generate capable antibodies to neutralize Alpha and Gamma variants yet being significantly less protective against Beta variant [41, 58, 59] mRNA-1273 was shown to enhance sufficient neutralizing ability against Alpha variant yet lower rec…”
BackgroundIntranasal fusion inhibitory lipopeptide prevents direct-contact SARS-CoV-2 transmission in ferrets
de Vries, R. D., Schmitz, K. S., Bovier, F. T., Predella, C., Khao, J., Noack, D., Haagmans, B. L., Herfst, S., Stearns, K. N., Drew-Bear, J., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf4896 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
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The effect of spike mutations on SARS-CoV-2 neutralization
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Ultrapotent antibodies against diverse and highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants
Wang, L., Zhou, T., Zhang, Y., Yang, E. S., Schramm, C. A., Shi, W., Pegu, A., Oloniniyi, O. K., Henry, A. R., Darko, S. W., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abh1766 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
“The SARSCoV-2 S-2P (VRC-SARS-CoV-2 S-2P (15-1208)3C-His8-Strep2x2) andRBD (Ragon-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD (319-529)-His8-SBP) Antigen are coated onto Immulon 4HBX flat bottom plates overnight for 16 hours at 4°C at a concentration of 2 mg/ml and 4mg/ml, respectively.”
MethodBernal, J. L., Andrews, N., Gower, C., Stowe, J., Robertson, C., Tessier, E., Simmons, R., Cottrell, S., Roberts, R., O’Doherty, M., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.01.21252652 · Cited by 1,389 · see citing works
“This is supported by recent evidence that sera from vaccinated individuals elicits equivalent neutralising titres to VOC 202012/01 and similar variants to that seen with previous strains.(32, 33)”
ResultQuandt, J., Muik, A., Salisch, N. C., Lui, B. G., Lutz, S., Krüger, K., Wallisch, A.-K., Adams‐Quack, P., Bacher, M., Finlayson, A., et al. (2022) · Science Immunology · doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.abq2427 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationLuo, C. H., Morris, C. P., Sachithanandham, J., Amadi, A., Gaston, D. C., Li, M., Swanson, N. J., Schwartz, M. C., Klein, E. Y., Pekosz, A. S., et al. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab986 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
The Impact of Evolving SARS-CoV-2 Mutations and Variants on COVID-19 Vaccines
McLean, G. R., Kamil, J. P., Lee, B., Moore, P. L., Schulz, T. F., Muik, A., Şahin, U., Türeci, Ö., & Pather, S. (2022) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02979-21 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationImmune Evasion of SARS-CoV-2 Emerging Variants: What Have We Learnt So Far?
Lazarević, I., Pravica, V., Miljanovic, D., & Cupic, M. D. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13071192 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Effects of SARS-CoV-2 variants on vaccine efficacy and response strategies
Bian, L., Gao, F., Zhang, J., He, Q., Mao, Q., Xu, M., & Liang, Z. (2021) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2021.1903879 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern
Altmann, D. M., Boyton, R. J., & Beale, R. C. L. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg7404 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
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Molecular insights into receptor binding of recent emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants
Han, P., Su, C., Zhang, Y., Bai, C., Zheng, A., Qiao, C., Wang, Q., Niu, S., Chen, Q., Zhang, Y., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26401-w · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Immunity to SARS‐CoV‐2 induced by infection or vaccination
Dopico, X. C., Ols, S., Loré, K., & Hedestam, G. B. K. (2021) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13372 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
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“To obtain SARS-CoV-2 PT and VOC pseudoviruses, a replication-deficient vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) vector backbone (VSVDG-GFP) expressing the corresponding spike proteins were constructed as described protocols (Muik et al., 2021).”
Fix, O. K., Blumberg, E. A., Chang, K., Chu, J., Chung, R. T., Goacher, E. K., Hameed, B., Kaul, D. R., Kulik, L., Kwok, R. M., et al. (2021) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.31751 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
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SARS-CoV-2 one year on: evidence for ongoing viral adaptation
Peacock, T. P., Penrice-Randal, R., Hiscox, J. A., & Barclay, W. (2021) · Journal of General Virology · doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001584 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Tada, T., Dcosta, B. M., Samanovic, M. I., Herati, R. S., Cornelius, A. R., Zhou, H., Vaill, A., Kazmierski, W., Mulligan, M. J., & Landau, N. R. (2021) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00696-21 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants: A Review of Its Mutations, Its Implications and Vaccine Efficacy
Ramesh, S., Govindarajulu, M., Parise, R. S., Neel, L. T., Shankar, T., Patel, S., Lowery, P., Smith, F., Dhanasekaran, M., & Moore, T. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9101195 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
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SARS-CoV-2-neutralising monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19
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COVID‐19 vaccinations: The unknowns, challenges, and hopes
Mohamed, K., Rzymski, P., Islam, M. S., Makuku, R., Mushtaq, A., Khan, A., Ivanovska, M., Makka, S. A., Hashem, F., Marquez, L. P., et al. (2021) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27487 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
The emerging plasticity of SARS-CoV-2
McCormick, K. D., Jacobs, J. L., & Mellors, J. W. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abg4493 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants
Singh, J., Pandit, P., McArthur, A. G., Banerjee, A., & Mossman, K. L. (2021) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-021-01633-w · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Bager, P., Wohlfahrt, J., Fonager, J., Rasmussen, M., Albertsen, M., Michaelsen, T., Møller, C. H., Ethelberg, S., Legarth, R., Button, M. S. F., et al. (2021) · Lancet. Infectious Diseases (Print) · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00290-5 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Binding and molecular basis of the bat coronavirus RaTG13 virus to ACE2 in humans and other species
Liu, K., Pan, X., Li, L., Yu, F., Zheng, A., Du, P., Han, P., Meng, Y., Zhang, Y., Wu, L., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.031 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Two Years into the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned
da Silva, S. J. R., do Nascimento, J. C. F., Mendes, R. P. G., Guarines, K. M., da Silva, C. T. A., da Silva, P. G., de Magalhães, J. J. F., Vigar, J. R. J., Silva‐Júnior, A., Kohl, A., et al. (2022) · ACS Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00204 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Fast-spreading SARS-CoV-2 variants: challenges to and new design strategies of COVID-19 vaccines
Zhou, W., & Wang, W. (2021) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00644-x · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Antibody and B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination
Röltgen, K., & Boyd, S. (2021) · Cell Host and Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2021.06.009 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Fast-spreading COVID variant can elude immune responses
Callaway, E. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00121-z · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Marčec, R., & Likić, R. (2021) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-140685 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Gorman, M. J., Patel, N., Guebre‐Xabier, M., Zhu, A. L., Atyeo, C. G., Pullen, K. M., Loos, C., Goez-Gazi, Y., Carrion, R., Tian, J.-H., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100405 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Does infection with or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 lead to lasting immunity?
Milne, G., Hames, T., Scotton, C. J., Gent, N., Johnsen, A., Anderson, R. M., & Ward, T. (2021) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00407-0 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Structural and antigenic variations in the spike protein of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants
Mittal, A., Khattri, A., & Verma, V. (2022) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1010260 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Kowalzik, F., Schreiner, D., Jensen, C., Teschner, D., Gehring, S., & Zepp, F. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9040390 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“While it is reassuring that mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 vaccines provide protection against these two emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, it is equally reassuring to know that the flexibility provided by mRNA-based vaccine technology enables the periodic reformulation of vaccines so that they better match circulating viral varia…”
BackgroundThe emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern
Sanyaolu, A. O., Okorie, C., Marinkovic, A., Haider, N., Abbasi, A. F., Jaferi, U., Prakash, S., & Balendra, V. (2021) · Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease · doi:10.1177/20499361211024372 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants by convalescent and BNT162b2 vaccinated serum
Bates, T. A., Leier, H. C., Lyski, Z. L., McBride, S. K., Coulter, F. J., Weinstein, J. B., Goodman, J. R., Lu, Z., Siegel, S. A. R., Sullivan, P. D., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25479-6 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Memory B cell repertoire for recognition of evolving SARS-CoV-2 spike
Tong, P., Gautam, A., Windsor, I., Travers, M., Chen, Y., Garcia, N., Whiteman, N. B., McKay, L. G. A., Storm, N., Malsick, L. E., et al. (2021) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.025 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“…to early and relatively homogeneous variants circulating well before emergence of the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 strains first reported in December 2020, and probably before the spread in New England of the D614G variant that did not substantially alter antigenicity (Muik et al., 2021; Xie et al., 2021).”
InfluentialEmerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOCs): An Impending Global Crisis
Thye, A. Y.-K., Law, J. W., Pusparajah, P., Letchumanan, V., Chan, K., & Lee, L. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9101303 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“7 is mostly complete without adverse effects from current vaccines is also consistent with several other studies [79,159,160].”
BackgroundResultTherapeutic targets and interventional strategies in COVID-19: mechanisms and clinical studies
Zhou, Y., Xie, Y., Tang, L., Pu, D., Zhu, Y., Liu, J., & Ma, X. (2021) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00733-x · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Mutations of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Implications on immune evasion and vaccine-induced immunity
Mengist, H. M., Kombe, A. J. K., Mekonnen, D., Abebaw, A., Getachew, M., & Jin, T.-C. (2021) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2021.101533 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Caniels, T. G., Bontjer, I., van der Straten, K., Poniman, M., Burger, J. A., Appelman, B., Lavell, A. H. A., Oomen, M., Godeke, G.-J., Valle, C., et al. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abj5365 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 and diverse diseases
Hussain, A., Yang, H., Zhang, M., Liu, Q., Alotaibi, G., Irfan, M. F., He, H., Chang, J. K., Liang, X., Weng, Y., et al. (2022) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.032 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Gushchin, V. А., Dolzhikova, I. V., Shchetinin, A. M., Odintsova, A. S., Siniavin, A. E., Nikiforova, M. A., Pochtovyi, A. A., Shidlovskaya, E. V., Kuznetsova, N. A., Burgasova, O., et al. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9070779 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Reinfection in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review
Ren, X., Zhou, J., Guo, J., Hao, C., Zheng, M., Zhang, R., Huang, Q. Y., Yao, X., Li, R., & Jin, Y. (2022) · Global Health Research and Policy · doi:10.1186/s41256-022-00245-3 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“7 had little effect on sera from 16 subjects who received Pfizer vaccine injections [91].”
BackgroundNeutralizing activity of Sputnik V vaccine sera against SARS-CoV-2 variants
Ikegame, S., Siddiquey, M. N. A., Hung, C.-T., Haas, G. D., Brambilla, L., Oguntuyo, K. Y., Kowdle, S., Chiu, H.-P., Stevens, C. S., Vilardo, A. E., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24909-9 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
The Emerging Concern and Interest SARS-CoV-2 Variants
Janik, E., Niemcewicz, M., Podogrocki, M., Majsterek, I., & Bijak, M. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10060633 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Redd, A. D., Nardin, A., Kared, H., Bloch, E. M., Pekosz, A. S., Laeyendecker, O. B., Abel, B., Fehlings, M., Quinn, T. C., & Tobian, A. A. R. (2021) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab143 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Sonnleitner, S. T., Prelog, M., Sonnleitner, S., Hinterbichler, E., Halbfurter, H., Kopecky, D. B. C., Almanzar, G., Koblmüller, S., Sturmbauer, C., Feist, L., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-30163-4 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Update on the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines on different variants of SARS-CoV-2
Firouzabadi, N., Ghasemiyeh, P., Moradishooli, F., & Mohammadi‐Samani, S. (2023) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109968 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The Biological Functions and Clinical Significance of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Corcern
Akkız, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.849217 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“The neutralizing activity of vaccine-elicited sera against pseudoviruses carrying E484K, N501Y, and K417N/E484K/N501Y cluster has been found to be decreased (85).”
BackgroundCOVID-19 Pandemic and Vaccines Update on Challenges and Resolutions
Khan, W. H., Hashmi, Z., Goel, A., Ahmad, R., Gupta, K., Khan, N., Alam, I., Ahmed, F., & Ansari, M. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.690621 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“…convalescent and postvaccination sera (Arif, 2021; CDC, 2021b; Collier et al., 2021; Edara et al., 2021; Emary et al., 2021; Galloway et al., 2021; Muik et al., 2021; Ostrov, 2021; Planas et al., 2021; Shen et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021a; Wu et al., 2021) VOC GH/ 501Y.V2 (B.1.351) South…”
Influential
- Authors
- Muik, A., Wallisch, A.-K., Sänger, B., Swanson, K. A., Mühl, J., Chen, W., Cai, H., Maurus, D., Sarkar, R., Türeci, Ö., Dormitzer, P. R., & Şahin, U.
- Affiliations
- BioNTech (Germany) (DE)
- Pfizer (United States) (US)
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Şahin, Uğur
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2021-03-12
- Volume
- 371
- Issue
- 6534
- Pages
- 1152-1153
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- PMC
- PMC7971771
- OpenAlex
- W3123108673
- Semantic Scholar
- a28b6633cf65c49f1251702b8e3e3c1b85e19236
- Cited by
- 515
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 152 · 2021: 298 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 39.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, B.1.1.7 lineage, BNT162b2, mRNA vaccines, neutralizing antibodies, spike protein mutations, vaccine escape, pseudovirus neutralization
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, BNT162 Vaccine, Adult, Aged, Antibodies, Viral, China, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neutralization Tests, Young Adult, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
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