Measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody activity using pseudotyped and chimeric viruses
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Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the ensuing explosive epidemic of COVID-19 disease has generated a need for assays to rapidly and conveniently measure the antiviral activity of SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies. Here, we describe a collection of approaches based on SARS-CoV-2 spike-pseudotyped, single-cycle, replication-defective human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), as well as a replication-competent VSV/SARS-CoV-2 chimeric virus. While each surrogate virus exhibited subtle differences in the sensitivity with which neutralizing activity was detected, the neutralizing activity of both convalescent plasma and human monoclonal antibodies measured using each virus correlated quantitatively with neutralizing activity measured using an authentic SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assay. The assays described herein are adaptable to high throughput and are useful tools in the evaluation of serologic immunity conferred by vaccination or prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the potency of convalescent plasma or human monoclonal antibodies.
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Binding to RBD and S and neutralizing activity all correlated with the interval from first dose to blood draw, and all three declined significantly over time.
“Finally, RBD and S binding, and neutralizing activities were directly correlated to the time between the first vaccine dose and blood donation with significantly reduced levels in all 3 measurements with time (Fig. 1e, f and g, and Extended Data Fig. 2e–h)11.”
From mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
The present work and other small studies are unable to estimate the half-life of neutralizing activity accurately.
“However, this and other small studies3,11 cannot accurately predict the half-life of the neutralizing response.”
From mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
ACE2 bound to the B.1.1.7 RBD with an affinity of 22 nM compared to 133 nM for the WT RBD.
“We found that ACE2 bound to the B.1.1.7 RBD with an affinity of 22 nM compared to 133 nM for the WT RBD (Extended Data Fig. 8), in agreement with our previous deep-mutational scanning measurements using dimeric ACE232.”
From Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 to mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
Pseudotyped VSV particles adequately mimic key features of SARS-CoV-2 entry into target cells, including receptor and protease choice and neutralization by antibodies.
“These pseudotyped particles adequately mimic key features of SARS-CoV-2 entry into target cells, including receptor and protease choice and neutralization by antibodies”
From The Omicron variant is highly resistant against antibody-mediated neutralization: Implications for control of the COVID-19 pandemic (2022) · cites this paper as Schmidt et al., 2020
The VSV pseudotype system faithfully mimics key aspects of SARS-CoV-2 entry, including ACE2 engagement, TMPRSS2 priming, and antibody-mediated neutralization.
“This system faithfully mimics key aspects of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells, including ACE2 engagement, priming of the S protein by TMPRSS2, and antibody-mediated neutralization (Hoffmann et al., 2020b; Riepler et al., 2020; Schmidt et al., 2020).”
From SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and P.1 escape from neutralizing antibodies (2021) · cites this paper as Schmidt et al., 2020
The pseudotyped virus system used to investigate neutralization was validated by a high correlation between PVs expressing Wuhan-1 D614G spike and a B.1 lineage live virus isolate using sera from thirteen individuals after two vaccine doses.
“We first validated the use of a pseudotyped virus (PV) system to investigate neutralization, by comparing geometric mean titres (GMTs) between PVs expressing the Wuhan-1 D614G spike (referred to here as wild-type) and a B.1 lineage live virus isolate, using sera isolated from thirteen individuals after two vaccine doses (Extended Data Fig. 2).”
From Age-related immune response heterogeneity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2 (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
Spike pseudotype assays have been shown to have similar characteristics as neutralization testing using fully infectious wild-type SARS-CoV-2.
“Spike pseudotype assays have been shown to have similar characteristics as neutralization testing using fully infectious wild-type SARS-CoV-2 11 .”
From Age-related immune response heterogeneity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2 (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
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Tada, T., Dcosta, B. M., Samanovic-Golden, M., Herati, R. S., Cornelius, A., Mulligan, M. J., & Landau, N. R. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.05.430003 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Muecksch, F., Weisblum, Y., Barnes, C. O., Schmidt, F., Schaefer-Babajew, D., Lorenzi, J. C. C., Flyak, A. I., DeLaitsch, A. T., Huey-Tubman, K. E., Hou, S., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.03.07.434227 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationAnti- SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain Antibody Evolution after mRNA Vaccination
Cho, A., Muecksch, F., Schaefer-Babajew, D., Wang, Z., Finkin, S., Gaebler, C., Ramos, V., Cipolla, M., Mendoza, P., Agudelo, M., et al. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.07.29.454333 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Self-citationKruglova, N., Siniavin, A., Gushchin, V., & Mazurov, D. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13061133 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Peng, L., Renauer, P. A., Ökten, A., Fang, Z., Park, J. J., Zhou, X., Lin, Q., Dong, M. B., Filler, R., Xiong, Q., et al. (2022) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100634 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Wang, Q., Nair, M. S., Anang, S., Zhang, S., Nguyen, H., Huang, Y., Liu, L., Ho, D. D., & Sodroski, J. G. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.103393 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Schmidt, F., Weisblum, Y., Muecksch, F., Hoffmann, H.-H., Michailidis, E., Lorenzi, J. C. C., Mendoza, P., Rutkowska, M., Bednarski, E., Gaebler, C., Agudelo, M., Cho, A., Wang, Z., Gazumyan, A., Cipolla, M., Caskey, M., Robbiani, D. F., Nussenzweig, M. C., Rice, C. M., Hatziioannou, T., & Bieniasz, P. D.
- Affiliations
- Rockefeller University (US)
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (CH)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 1
- ORCID
- Schmidt, Fabian
- Weisblum, Yiska
- Muecksch, Frauke
- Hoffmann, Hans-Heinrich
- Michailidis, Eleftherios
- Lorenzi, Julio C.C.
- Mendoza, Pilar
- Rutkowska, Magdalena
- Bednarski, Eva
- Gaebler, Christian
- Agudelo, Marianna
- Cho, Alice
- Wang, Zijun
- Gazumyan, Anna
- Cipolla, Melissa
- Caskey, Marina
- Robbiani, Davide F.
- Nussenzweig, Michel C.
- Rice, Charles M.
- Hatziioannou, Theodora
- Bieniasz, Paul D.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Medicine
- Publisher
- Rockefeller University Press
- Published
- 2020-07-21
- Volume
- 217
- Issue
- 11
- ISSN
- 0022-1007 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-9538
- PMC
- PMC7372514
- OpenAlex
- W3044702419
- Cited by
- 572
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 146 · 2021: 162 · 2020: 55
- FWCI
- 14.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Journal of Experimental Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (P01AI138398-S1, 2U19AI111825, R01AI091707-10S1, R01AI078788, R37AI64003, UL1 TR001866)
- George Mason University
- European ATAC Consortium (EC101003650)
- G. Harold and Leila Y. Mathers Charitable Foundation
- Robert S. Wennett
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Shapiro-Silverberg Fund for the Advancement of Translational Research
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, neutralizing antibodies, neutralization test, pseudovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus, spike protein, convalescent plasma, human monoclonal antibodies, COVID-19 pandemic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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