Parkinson Disease Epidemiology, Pathology, Genetics, and Pathophysiology
Open accessAbstract
Parkinson disease is a complex, age-related, neurodegenerative disease associated with dopamine deficiency and both motor and nonmotor deficits. Many environmental and genetic factors influence Parkinson disease risk, with different factors predominating in different patients. These factors converge on specific pathways, including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, protein aggregation, impaired autophagy, and neuroinflammation. Ultimately, treatment of Parkinson disease may focus on targeted therapies for pathophysiologically defined subtypes of Parkinson disease patients.
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Progressive neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease is most pronounced within the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta.
“Progressive neurodegeneration is most pronounced within the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, a region of the brain associated with movement control and reward behaviors (Figure 2C) [47].”
From The Impact of Neurotoxin Proteins Trafficked by Primary Cilia and Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Diseases (2025) · cites this paper as [47]
The Introduction identifies loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta as defining Parkinson’s pathology, and Neuropathology calls their degeneration a hallmark. Neither passage establishes that degeneration is most pronounced there relative to other regions; the copy also does not link this region to reward behaviors. Page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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“Progressive neurodegeneration is most pronounced within the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, a region of the brain associated with movement control and reward behaviors (Figure 2C) [47].”
- Authors
- Simon, D. K., Tanner, C. M., & Brundin, P.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- San Francisco VA Medical Center (US)
- Van Andel Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Simon, David K.
- Venue
- Clinics in Geriatric Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-02
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-12
- ISSN
- 0749-0690 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6905381
- OpenAlex
- W2969956278
- Cited by
- 1,114
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 138 · 2025: 221 · 2024: 268 · 2023: 217 · 2022: 163 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 43 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 8.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinics in Geriatric Medicine (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- U.S. Department of Defense
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, epidemiology, pathology, genetics, pathophysiology, dopamine deficiency, environmental risk factors, genetic risk factors, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, protein aggregation, autophagy, neuroinflammation, targeted therapy, disease subtypes
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Metabolism, Parkinson Disease, Patient Care Management, Neuroimmunomodulation, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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