Taking reading comprehension exams on screen or on paper? A metacognitive analysis of learning texts under time pressure
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Ackerman and Lauterman (2012) found that under time pressure, but not under free time, computer readers showed screen inferiority: more overconfidence and lower test scores than paper readers.
“Under time pressure, but not under free time, those who read from computers showed screen inferiority: they had more pronounced overconfidence than paper learners and achieved lower test scores.”
From Don't throw away your printed books: A meta-analysis on the effects of reading media on reading comprehension (2018) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Lauterman (2012)
Only in paper-based reading, participants improved their efficiency under time pressure compared to learning in a free time frame.
“Moreover, only in paperbased reading, participants improved their efficiency under time pressure, compared to learning in a free time frame.”
From Don't throw away your printed books: A meta-analysis on the effects of reading media on reading comprehension (2018) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Lauterman (2012)
Digital-based environments harm performance under time pressure conditions but not under a loose time frame, even for brief texts and no scrolling.
“Sidi et al. (2017) found that even when performing tasks involving reading only brief texts and no scrolling (solving challenging logic problems presented in an average of 77 words), digital-based environments harm performance under time pressure conditions, but not under a loose time frame.”
From Don't throw away your printed books: A meta-analysis on the effects of reading media on reading comprehension (2018) · cites this paper as Ackerman and Lauterman, 2012
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- Authors
- Ackerman, R., & Lauterman, T.
- Affiliations
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Ackerman, Rakefet
- Venue
- Computers in Human Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1816-1828
- ISSN
- 0747-5632 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2080115115
- Cited by
- 254
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 14.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Computers in Human Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational Strategies and Epistemologies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Learning Styles and Cognitive Differences
- Keywords
- reading comprehension, time pressure, metacognition, student self-regulation, media preferences, exam performance
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